Sebopeho le Mosebetsi oa Adrenal Gland
Litšoelesa tsa adrenal ke meaho e menyenyane empa e rarahaneng ka mokhoa o makatsang e bapalang karolo ea bohlokoa ho bolokeng homeostasis ka har'a 'mele oa motho. Li lutse holim'a liphio ka 'ngoe, litšoelesa tsena tse bōpehileng joaloka piramite li ameha lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa 'mele, ho tloha ho metabolism le karabelo ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung ho ea ho taolo ea khatello ea maikutlo le ho leka-lekana ha electrolyte. Ho ananela bokhoni bo ikhethang ba litšoelesa tsa adrenal, ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa sebopeho sa tsona se rarahaneng le mesebetsi e mengata.
Sebopeho sa Litšoelesa tsa Adrenal
Litšoelesa tsa adrenal li arotsoe ka libaka tse peli tse ka sehloohong: adrenal cortex le adrenal medulla, tseo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea tsona e nang le mekhahlelo le mesebetsi e fapaneng.
Adrenal Cortex
adrenal cortex ke lera le ka ntle la tšoelesa ea adrenal, e etsang hoo e ka bang 80-90% ea boima ba eona. E boetse e arotsoe ka libaka tse tharo, e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e ikarabella bakeng sa tlhahiso ea mefuta e fapaneng ea lihormone tsa steroid:
1. Zona Glomerulosa: Ena ke lera le ka ntle la adrenal cortex. Haholo-holo e hlahisa mineralocorticoids, tse kang aldosterone, tse bohlokoa bakeng sa ho laola maemo a sodium le potassium maling. Aldosterone e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho bolokeng khatello ea mali le metsi ka ho khothaletsa ho monngoa ha sodium hape liphiong.
2. Zona Fasciculata: E fumaneha ka tlas'a zona glomerulosa, lera lena le bohareng ke lona le leholo ka ho fetisisa ho a mararo. E hlahisa li-glucocorticoids, 'me cortisol ke eona ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa. Cortisol hangata e bitsoa "hormone ea khatello ea maikutlo" ka lebaka la karolo ea eona karabelong ea 'mele khatellong ea maikutlo. E boetse e susumetsa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa metabolism, ho kenyeletsoa metabolism ea glucose, polokelo ea mafura le catabolism ea protheine.
3. Zona Reticularis: Lera le ka hare-hare la adrenal cortex, zona reticularis e hlahisa androgens, tse kang dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Le hoja lihormone tsena li nkoa e le androgens e fokolang, li sebetsa e le li-precursor tsa lihormone tsa thobalano tse matla haholoanyane tse kang testosterone le estrogen. Ho basali, androgens tsa adrenal li kenya letsoho haholo tlhahisong ea estrogen kamora ho khaotsa ho ilela khoeli.
Adrenal Medulla
Adrenal medulla ke karolo e ka hare ea tšoelesa ea adrenal 'me e na le hoo e ka bang 10-20% ea boima ba eona. Ke karolo ea tsamaiso ea methapo ea kutlo 'me e ikarabella bakeng sa tlhahiso ea catecholamines, e leng adrenaline (epinephrine) le noradrenaline (norepinephrine). Lihormone tsena li lokolloa ka lebaka la khatello ea maikutlo 'me li bohlokoa bakeng sa karabelo ea "ntoa kapa ho fofa". Li eketsa sekhahla sa pelo, khatello ea mali le phallo ea mali ho ea mesifa, li lokisetsa 'mele ho arabela litšokelong tse potlakileng.
Mosebetsi oa Litšoelesa tsa Adrenal
Litšoelesa tsa adrenal li bohlokoa bakeng sa ho boloka mesebetsi e fapaneng ea 'mele ka lihormone tseo li li hlahisang. A re hlahlobeng mesebetsi e ikhethang ea lihormone tsena:
Mineralocorticoids: Tekanyo ea Aldosterone le Electrolyte
Aldosterone, e hlahisoang ka har'a zona glomerulosa, e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho laoleng botsitso ba electrolyte le khatello ea mali. E sebetsa liphiong ka ho khothalletsa ho monngoa hape ha sodium le ho ntšoa ha potasiamo. Ho bolokoa hona ha sodium ho thusa ho boloka bongata ba mali le khatello, ho netefatsa ho potoloha hantle ha mali le ho phalla ha lisele. Ho se sebetse hantle ha tlhahiso ea aldosterone ho ka lebisa maemong a kang hyperaldosteronism, e khetholloang ke khatello e phahameng ea mali le maemo a tlase a potasiamo.
Glucocorticoids: Taolo ea Cortisol le Metabolic
Cortisol, e entsoeng ka zona fasciculata, ke hormone e feto-fetohang e nang le litlamorao tse fapaneng tsa 'mele. E susumetsa metabolism ka ho khothaletsa gluconeogenesis (tlhahiso ea tsoekere ho tsoa mehloling e seng ea k'habohaedreite), ho eketsa maemo a tsoekere maling, le ho thusa metabolism ea mafura. Cortisol e boetse e na le thepa e matla ea ho thibela ho ruruha le ea ho thibela sesole sa 'mele, e leng ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho laola karabelo ea' mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung nakong ea khatello ea maikutlo kapa bokuli.
Ho phaella moo, cortisol e bapala karolo meriting ea circadian, ka maemo a fihlang sehlohlolong hoseng haholo 'me butle-butle a fokotseha letsatsi lohle. Phapang ena ea letsatsi le letsatsi e hlophisoa ke axis ea hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA), marang-rang a rarahaneng a amang hypothalamus, pituitary gland le litšoelesa tsa adrenal. Ho se sebetse hantle ha tlhahiso ea cortisol ho ka lebisa mathateng a kang Cushing's syndrome (e khetholloang ke cortisol e ngata) kapa lefu la Addison (le khetholloang ke cortisol e sa lekaneng).
Androgens: Lihormone tsa thobalano le nts'etsopele
Leha adrenal cortex e hlahisa maemo a tlase a androgens ha a bapisoa le gonads, lihormone tsena li ntse li le bohlokoa bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa 'mele. Ho banna le basali, adrenal androgens li kenya letsoho nts'etsopele ea litšobotsi tsa bobeli tsa thobalano, joalo ka moriri oa phabic le oa axillary. Ho basali, adrenal androgens ke mohloli o ka sehloohong oa estrogen kamora ho khaotsa ho ilela khoeli, e leng se totobatsang bohlokoa ba tsona bophelong bo botle ba kamora ho ikatisa.
Catecholamines: Adrenaline le Noradrenaline karabelong ea khatello ea maikutlo
Tlhahiso ea catecholamines (adrenaline le noradrenaline) ea adrenal medulla ke ea bohlokoa karabelong e potlakileng ea 'mele khatellong ea maikutlo. Ha e kopana le boemo bo sithabetsang, tsamaiso ea methapo e nang le kutloelo-bohloko e qala ho lokolloa ha lihormone tsena maling. Adrenaline e eketsa sekhahla sa pelo, e atolosa litsela tsa moea, 'me e hlophisa mabenkele a matla, e nolofalletsa' mele ho arabela ka potlako le ka katleho litšokelong tse bonoang. Noradrenaline e tlatsa litlamorao tsena ka ho thibela methapo ea mali, ka hona e boloka khatello ea mali nakong ea maemo a sithabetsang.
Karabelo ea "ntoa kapa ho fofa" e hlophisitsoeng ke catecholamines e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho pholoha, e nolofalletsang batho ho tobana le kotsi kapa ho baleha. Leha ho le joalo, ho kengoa tšebetsong ha karabelo ena nako e telele ka lebaka la khatello ea maikutlo e telele ho ka tlatsetsa mathateng a fapaneng a bophelo bo botle, ho kenyeletsoa khatello e phahameng ea mali, lefu la pelo le methapo ea mali le mathata a ho tšoenyeha.
Litlamorao le Mathata a Kliniki
Ho se sebetse hantle ha litšoelesa tsa adrenal ho ka lebisa mathateng a fapaneng, 'me e' ngoe le e 'ngoe e na le matšoao a fapaneng a kliniki:
1. Cushing's Syndrome: Boemo bona bo bakoa ke ho pepesehela cortisol e ngata nako e telele. Matšoao a kenyelletsa ho nona haholo, haholo-holo sefahlehong le mpeng, bofokoli ba mesifa, le ho sesefala ha letlalo. E ka bakoa ke lihlahala tsa adrenal, lihlahala tsa pituitary (lefu la Cushing), kapa tšebeliso ea corticosteroid ea kantle.
2. Lefu la Addison: Le tsejoang hape e le ho se sebetse hantle ha adrenal, lefu la Addison le hlaha ha litšoelesa tsa adrenal li sa hlahise cortisol e lekaneng 'me, maemong a mang, aldosterone. Matšoao a kenyelletsa mokhathala, ho theola boima ba 'mele, khatello e tlase ea mali le ho phahama ha 'mala letlalong. Hangata ke boemo ba autoimmune, empa tšoaetso kapa mabaka a mang le 'ona a ka bo baka.
3. Hyperaldosteronism: Boemo bona bo khetholloa ka tlhahiso e feteletseng ea aldosterone, e leng se lebisang khatellong e phahameng ea mali le maemo a tlase a potasiamo. E ka bakoa ke hyperplasia ea adrenal kapa adenomas e hlahisang aldosterone.
4. Pheochromocytoma: Hlahala e sa tloaelehang ea adrenal medulla, pheochromocytoma e lebisa tlhahisong e feteletseng ea catecholamines. Matšoao a kenyelletsa khatello e phahameng ea mali, ho otla ha pelo, ho fufuleloa le ho tšoenyeha. Tlhahlobo ea pele le ho tlosoa ha hlahala ka opereishene ke tsa bohlokoa ho thibela mathata a behang bophelo kotsing.
fihlela qeto e
Litšoelesa tsa adrenal, le hoja li le nyane ka boholo, li na le tšusumetso e kholo mosebetsing oa 'mele ka kakaretso. Ka tlhahiso ea tsona ea lihormone tsa bohlokoa, li laola lits'ebetso tsa bohlokoa tse kang metabolism, karabelo ea khatello ea maikutlo, ho leka-lekana ha electrolyte le nts'etsopele. Ho utloisisa sebopeho le ts'ebetso ea litšoelesa tsa adrenal ha ho tebise feela kananelo ea rona ea bohlokoa ba 'mele empa hape ho totobatsa bohlokoa ba ho boloka bophelo ba tsona bo botle ho netefatsa boiketlo ka kakaretso. Ebang ke ka ho arabela litšokelong tse potlakileng kapa ka mokhoa o itekanetseng.
