Tšebeliso ea Potoloho ea Rankine ho Limela tsa Matla a Mouoane
Limela tsa Matla a Mouoane (PLTU) ke e 'ngoe ea mahlale a tlhahiso ea motlakase a sebelisoang haholo lefatšeng. Molao-motheo oa bona oa ho sebetsa o sebelisa matla a mocheso ho fetola metsi hore e be mouoane o nang le khatello e phahameng le mocheso o phahameng, ebe o fetola matla a mouoane hore e be matla a mechini ka turbine, ebe e fetoloa matla a motlakase ke jenereithara. Motheo oa ts'ebetso ea phetoho ea matla ho PLTU ke Rankine Cycle, potoloho ea thermodynamic e etselitsoeng litsamaiso tsa matla a mouoane ka ho khetheha. Sengoloa sena se tšohla ts'ebeliso ea Rankine Cycle ho PLTU, likarolo tsa eona tse ka sehloohong, tatellano ea ts'ebetso, le ntlafatso e tloaelehileng ea ts'ebetso.
Khopolo ea Motheo ea Potoloho ea Rankine
Potoloho ea Rankine ke potoloho e phethahetseng ea thermodynamic e hlalosang liphetoho tsa matla mokelikeling o sebetsang (hangata metsi/mouoane) tsamaisong e koetsoeng. Potoloho ena ke motheo oa moralo oa setsi sa motlakase se sebelisoang ka mashala hobane se loketse tlhahiso ea motlakase ho sebelisoa mekhahlelo ea metsi le mouoane. Ka sebopeho sa sona se setle, potoloho ea Rankine e na le lits'ebetso tse 'ne tse kholo: ho pompa metsi a fepang , ho a futhumatsa ka boiler ho a hema, ho atolosa mouoane ka har'a turbine ho hlahisa mosebetsi, le ho etsa hore mouoane o khutlele metsing ka har'a condenser.
Leha ha e le hantle ho na le tahlehelo ea matla (khohlano, ho theoha ha khatello, phetisetso e sa phethahalang ea mocheso), mohlala oa Rankine Cycle ke referense bakeng sa ho sekaseka ts'ebetso le ho fumana lintlha tse sebetsang hantle.
Likarolo tse ka Sehloohong tsa Setsi sa Matla a Mouoane Potolohong ea Rankine
Tšebeliso ea Rankine Cycle setsing sa motlakase se fehlang mashala e kenyelletsa likarolo tse 'maloa tsa bohlokoa:
1. Pompo (Pompo ea Metsi a Feeloang)
Mosebetsi oa eona ke ho eketsa khatello ea metsi a condensate ho tloha khatellong e tlase (sehokelo sa condenser) ho ea khatellong e phahameng e le hore a ka kena ka har'a boiler. Hobane ho pompa mokelikeli ho hloka mosebetsi o monyane ha ho bapisoa le ho hatella khase, mosebetsi oa pompo ho Rankine Cycle ka kakaretso o tlase ho feta oa turbine.
2. Boiler (Jenereithara ea Mouoane)
Boiler e sebetsa ka ho eketsehileng mocheso ka metsing a khatello e phahameng ho fihlela e fetoha mouoane. Mohloli oa mocheso o tsoa ho chesoa ha thepa mafura (mashala, biomass, oli, kapa khase) kapa ho tsoa mehloling e meng e kang mocheso oa reactor ea nyutlelie lifemeng tsa matla a nyutlelie. Litsing tsa motlakase tse tloaelehileng tse sebelisoang ka mashala, boiler e na le libaka tse 'maloa: economizer (e futhumatsang pele), evaporator (mouoane), le superheater (e futhumatsang haholo).
3. Turbine ea Mouoane
Li-turbine li fetola matla a mocheso le khatello ea mouoane hore e be mosebetsi oa mechini ka katoloso. Shaft ea turbine e hokahantsoe le jenereithara ho hlahisa motlakase. Li-turbine hangata li na le mekhahlelo e mengata ho eketsa katleho ea katoloso.
4. Sekontiri
Sekonferense se phodisa mouoane wa turbine, se o fetola metsi hape. Ka ho etsa kgatello e tlase ya mosi (vacuum e lekanang), sekonferense se thusa ho ntlafatsa tshebetso ya turbine le bokgoni ka kakaretso. Hangata ho phodisa ho fihlellwa ka ho sebedisa metsi a lewatle, metsi a noka, kapa sistimi ya tora ya ho phodisa.
Tatellano ea Ts'ebetso ea Potoloho ea Rankine Setsing sa Matla a Mouoane
Tšebeliso ea Potoloho ea Rankine e ka hlalosoa ka mekhahlelo e mene e latelang ea ts'ebetso:
1) Ts'ebetso ea ho Pompa (1 → 2)
Mocheso o tsoang ho condenser o na le khatello e tlase le mocheso o tlase. Pompo e eketsa khatello khatellong ea ts'ebetso ea boiler. Mothating ona, mocheso o nyoloha hanyane, empa phetoho e kholo ke keketseho ea khatello. Matla a hlokahalang ke pompo a tsoa matleng a ka hare a jenereithara, empa monehelo oa ona o monyane ha o bapisoa le matla a hlahisoang ke turbine.
2) Mokhoa oa ho Eketsa Mocheso ka Boiler (2 → 3)
Metsi a nang le kgatello e phahameng a kena ka boiler mme a futhumatswa. Taba ya pele, metsi a futhumatswa ho fihlela a bela (ho futhumatswa ho utlwahalang), ebe a fetola mouoane ho ba mouoane o tletseng (ho futhumatswa ho patehileng), mme meralong e mengata ya diplante tsa motlakase tse sebediswang ka mashala, mouoane o futhumatswa ho feta ho ba mouoane o futhumatswang haholo. Mocheso o matla o bohlokwa hobane mouoane o ommeng o kenang ka turbine o fokotsa kotsi ya kgoholeho ya lehare la turbine ho tswa marothoding a metsi.
Mona ke moo matla a lik'hemik'hale a mafura a fetoloang matla a mocheso mokelikeling o sebetsang. Bokgoni ba ho tuka ha mollo, phetisetso ea mocheso, le moralo oa boiler li ama ts'ebetso ea fektheri haholo.
3) Ts'ebetso ea Katoloso ho Turbine (3 → 4)
Mouoane o nang le kgatello e phahameng o phallela ka hara turbine mme o atoloha, o fokotsa kgatello le mocheso wa yona ha o ntse o hlahisa mosebetsi wa mechini hodima shaft. Mosebetsi ona o ntano kganna jenereithara. Tlas'a maemo a matle, katoloso e nkuwa e le isentropic (e sa fetoheng), empa maemong a sebele, ho se fetohe ho fokotsa mosebetsi wa turbine.
Boleng ba mouoane ntlheng ea turbine ke taba ea bohlokoa. Haeba mouoane o le mongobo haholo, marotholi a metsi a ka otla makhasi a turbine 'me a baka mafome/khoholeho. Ka hona, hangata lifeme tsa motlakase li loanela ho boloka boemo ba mouoane bo le mongobo o tlase sebakeng sa ho ntša turbine.
4) Ts'ebetso ea ho Koahela ka har'a Koahela (4 → 1)
Mouoane oa mosi oa turbine o kena ka har'a condenser 'me o ntša mocheso ho ea sebakeng se pholileng, o o etsa hore o be metsi. Ts'ebetso ena e etsahala ka khatello e tlase. Ho ea ka matla, mocheso o haneloang ka har'a condenser o emela "tahlehelo" ea mocheso e ke keng ea fetoloa hore e sebetse, empa e ntse e hlokahala hore potoloho e phetoe le ho boloka khatello e tlase ea mosi, e leng se eketsang ts'ebetso ea turbine.
Metsi a kopantseng a kgutlela pompong ho pheta potoloho.
Mabaka a Hore na ke Hobaneng Potoloho ea Rankine e Sebetsa Bakeng sa Limela tsa Matla a Mouoane
Potoloho ea Rankine e sebetsa haholo hobane:
– Ho sebedisa metsi e le mokelikeli o sebetsang o theko e tlase, o bolokehileng mme o na le dibopeho tse ntle tsa mocheso.
– E sebedisa phetoho ya mokelikeli le mouoane e dumellang ho monya mocheso o mongata.
– E ka ntlafatsoa ka ho eketsa mocheso le khatello ea mouoane o kenang ka har'a turbine, le ho fokotsa khatello ea condenser.
– E tšehetsa ho kenngwa tshebetsong ha mahlale a ntlafatsang bokgoni, a kang ho futhumatsa hape le ho futhumatsa hape.
Ntlafatso ea Bokgoni: Potoloho ea Rankine e Fetotsoeng
Ha e le hantle, lifeme tsa motlakase tse sebelisang mashala ha li sebelise potoloho e bonolo ea Rankine hangata. Liphetoho tse 'maloa li atisa ho sebelisoa ho ntlafatsa bokhoni le ho boloka ts'epo ea lisebelisoa:
1) Sehatsetsi se matla le se nang le boleng bo phahameng haholo
Ho eketsa mocheso oa mouoane pele turbine (superheat) e eketseha bokgoni ba mocheso hobane e eketsa phapang ea matla e ka ntšoang ka har'a turbine. Litsi tse ling tsa motlakase tsa sejoale-joale tse sebelisang mashala li sebelisa maemo a bohlokoa haholo kapa a bohlokoa haholo, li sebetsa ka khatello le mocheso o phahameng hoo ho se nang moeli o hlakileng oa mokelikeli le mouoane ka har'a boiler. Theknoloji ena e ka eketsa katleho empa e hloka thepa e ka mamellang mocheso le khatello e phahameng.
2) Futhumatsa hape
Mothating oa ho futhumatsa hape, mouoane o atolositsoeng hanyane ka har'a turbine ea khatello e phahameng o khutlisetsoa boiler ho ea futhumatsoa hape, ebe o fepeloa ka har'a turbine ea khatello e mahareng/tlase. Sepheo ke ho:
– eketsa mosebetsi oohle oa turbine,
– fokotsa mongobo oa mouoane mehatong ea ho qetela ea turbine,
– ntlafatsa bokgoni ba potoloho.
3) Ho Futhumatsa Metsi a Phepo a Tsosolosang
Mouoane o mong o huloa ho tloha mehatong e itseng ea turbine (mouoane o tsoang mali) ho futhumatsa metsi a fepang pele a kena ka boiler ka hitara ea metsi a fepang. Ka ho phahamisa mocheso oa metsi a fepang, litlhoko tsa mocheso oa boiler lia fokotseha 'me bokhoni boa eketseha. Sistimi ena e ka sebelisa hitara e bulehileng (deaerator) kapa hitara e koetsoeng (hitara e koetsoeng).
4) Tokiso ea Condenser le Sistimi ea ho Pholisa
Ho theola khatello ea condenser (ho eketsa vacuum) ho tla eketsa ho theoha ha enthalpy ka har'a turbine le ho eketsa tlhahiso ea matla. Leha ho le joalo, sena se itšetlehile ka mabapi le bokgoni ba sistimi e phodisang ba ho ntsha mochesoKa hona, boleng ba condenser, bohloeki ba tube, le mocheso oa metsi a pholileng ke tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso.
Liphephetso tsa Ts'ebetso ho Ts'ebetsong ea Potoloho ea Rankine
Ntle le melemo, ts'ebeliso ea Potoloho ea Rankine ho PLTU e tobane le liphephetso:
– Tahlehelo ea matla e bakoang ke phallo ea khohlano, ho lutla, le phetisetso ea mocheso e sa lokelang.
– Boleng ba metsi le mafome: metsi a fepang a lokela ho phekoloa ka thata ho thibela sekala le mafome ho diboiler le diturbine.
– Mesi e kotsi le tikoloho: dipolanteng tsa motlakase tse sebedisang mashala, ho tuka ho hlahisa CO₂, SOx, NOx, le dikarolwana, kahoo ho hlokahala disebediswa tsa taolo ya mosi.
– Meeli ea thepa: mocheso o eketsehileng le khatello li hloka thepa e khethehileng e turang le e rarahaneng ho e hlokomela.
Qetello
Potoloho ea Rankine ke eona e ka sehloohong ea ts'ebetso ea lifeme tsa motlakase tse sebelisang mashala (PLTU) hobane e lumella phetoho e pheta-phetoang ea matla a mocheso hore e be matla a mechini le a motlakase ka mekhoa e mene e meholo: ho pompa, ho futhumatsa, ho atolosa le ho kolobisa. Ts'ebetsong ea 'nete, potoloho ena e fetoloa ka mahlale a kang li-superheater, li-reheater, ho futhumatsa bocha, le ntlafatso ea condenser ho eketsa bokhoni le ho boloka ts'epo ea turbine. Ho sa tsotellehe liphephetso tse amanang le tahlehelo ea matla, boleng ba metsi le litlamorao tsa tikoloho, ts'ebetsong ea potoloho ea Rankine e ntse e le khetho ea mantlha bakeng sa lifeme tsa motlakase oa mouoane ka lebaka la ho tenyetseha ha eona, khōlo ea theknoloji, le bokhoni ba ho eketsa ts'ebetso ha ho hlokahala.
Haeba o batla, nka eketsa le setshwantsho sa phallo ya tshebetso kapa tlhaloso e thehilweng hodima mothapo wa T–s (Temperature–Entropy) ho etsa hore potoloho e be e bonahalang le ya botekgeniki haholoanyane.
