Thuto ea Thermodynamics ea Boenjiniere mabapi le Mekhoa ea Boiler ea Liindasteri
Pendahuluan
Liboiler tsa indasteri ke e 'ngoe ea lisebelisoa tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa makaleng a fapaneng—ho tloha lifemeng tsa motlakase le lifemeng tsa lik'hemik'hale ho ea ho pulp le pampiri, esita le indastering ea lijo le lino. Mosebetsi oa tsona oa mantlha ke ho fetola matla a lik'hemik'hale ho tloha mafura (kapa matla a motlakase liboilereng tsa motlakase) hore e be matla a mocheso, ebe li a fetisetsa metsing ho hlahisa mouoane ka khatello le mocheso o itseng. Mouoane ona o sebelisoa bakeng sa ho futhumatsa ts'ebetso, ho omisa, ho bolaea likokoana-hloko, kapa e le mokelikeli o sebetsang oa turbine. Hore sistimi ea boiler e sebetse ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng, ka moruo le ka katleho, ho hlokahala thuto ea boenjiniere ea thermodynamic, ho kenyeletsoa le ho leka-lekana ha matla, katleho, tahlehelo ea mocheso le tlhahlobo ea ho se fetohe.
Mehopolo ea Motheo ea Thermodynamics ho Liboiler
Ka mantsoe a thermodynamic, liboiler hangata li hlahlojoa e le litsamaiso tsa phallo e tsitsitseng moo boima ba metsi a fepang bo kenang, bo amohelang mocheso ho tsoa mollong, ebe bo tsoa e le mouoane o tletseng kapa mouoane o chesang haholo. Molao oa Pele oa Thermodynamics bakeng sa sistimi ea phallo e tsitsitseng (equation ea matla a phallo e tsitsitseng) o ka boleloa habonolo:
\[
\dot{Q} – \dot{W} = \dot{m}(h_{out}-h_{in})
\]
Liboiler, mosebetsi oa shaft (\(\dot{W}\)) hangata oa hlokomolohuoa hobane boiler ha e hlahise mosebetsi oa mechine ka kotloloho. Matla a kinetic le a potential le 'ona a manyane ha a bapisoa le phetoho ea enthalpy, kahoo equation e sebetsang e ba:
\[
\dot{Q} \approx \dot{m}(h_{steam}-h_{fw})
\]
Mona ke moo enthalpy e fetohang paramethara ea bohlokoa. Lintlha tsa enthalpy ea metsi le mouoane li fumanoa litafoleng tsa mouoane kapa litšoantšong tsa Mollier (h–s). Metsi a fepuoang ka khatello e itseng e ka ba metsi a pholileng, ha tlhahiso e ka ba mouoane o omileng o tletseng metsi, mouoane o metsi (o nang le boleng ba mouoane x), kapa mouoane o chesang haholo.
Mokhoa oa ho Futhumatsa Metsi ka Mouoane
Ho latela thermodynamics, ho futhumatsa metsi ka boiler ho feta mekhahlelong e 'maloa:
1. Ho futhumatsa ka metsi a futhumatsoang (ho futhumatsa ka mokhoa o utloahalang)
Metsi a phahamisoa mochesong ho tloha moo ho kenoang teng ho ea mochesong oa ho tlala ha khatello e sebetsa. Matla a hlokahalang a lekana le bokhoni ba mocheso le keketseho ea mocheso.
2. Mouoane (phetoho ea mohato / ho futhumatsa ho patiloeng)
Sebakeng sa ho tlala, ho eketsoa ha mocheso ho baka phetoho ea mohato ho tloha ho mokelikeli ho ea ho mouoane. Mokhahlelong ona, mocheso o lula o tsitsitse, empa enthalpy e eketseha haholo ka lebaka la mocheso o patehileng oa mouoane.
3. Ho futhumatsa haholo (haeba ho na le sehatsetsi se matla)
Mouoane o kolobisitsoeng o futhumatsoa haholoanyane ho phahamisa mocheso oa oona ka holim'a mocheso o kolobisitsoeng ka khatello e tšoanang. Ho futhumatsa haholo ho eketsa enthalpy le ho fokotsa mongobo oa mouoane, e leng se molemo bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea turbine le katleho ea ts'ebetso.
Meralong ea sejoale-joale ea liboiler, ho hlaphoheloa ha mocheso hangata ho ntlafatsoa ka likarolo tse ling tse kang li-economizer (li-feedwater heaters), li-preheater tsa moea (li-combustion air heaters), le li-superheaters. E 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e ikemiselitse ho fokotsa tahlehelo ea li-stack le ho eketsa bokhoni ba phetisetso ea mocheso.
Tekanyo ea Matla le Bokgoni ba Boiler
Bokgoni ba boiler ka kakaretso bo hlalosoa e le karolelano ea matla a bohlokoa a monngoang ke metsi/mouoane ho matla a lik'hemik'hale a mafura a chesitsoeng. Mekhoa e 'meli e tsebahalang ke:
1. Mokhoa o tobileng (mokhoa o tobileng / mokhoa oa ho kenya le ho ntša)
\[
\eta_{boiler}=\frac{\dot{m}_{steam}(h_{steam}-h_{fw})}{\dot{m}_{fuel}\times LHV}\times 100\%
\]
Ka LHV (Boleng bo Tlase ba ho Futhumatsa) kapa HHV (Boleng bo Holimo ba ho Futhumatsa) ho latela maemo a sebediswang.
2. Mokhoa o sa tobang (mokhoa oa ho lahleheloa ke mocheso)
Bokgoni bo balwa ho tloha ho 100% ho tloswa tahlehelo yohle ya mocheso, mohlala:
– Tahlehelo ea khase ea flue e omileng
– Tahlehelo e bakoang ke mouoane oa metsi o bakoang ke ho chesoa ha haedrojene
– Tahlehelo e bakoang ke mafura le mongobo oa moea
– Tahlehelo e bakoang ke khabone e sa chesoang
– Tahlehelo ea mahlaseli le convection ho tsoa holim'a boiler
– Tahlehelo ea ho phatloha ha motlakase
Mekhoa e sa tobang hangata e sebelisoa bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea matla hobane e thusa ho khetholla mehloli e meholo ea ho se sebetse hantle.
Tahlehelo e Kholo ea Mocheso Ts'ebetsong ea Boiler
Phuputso e ntle ea thermodynamic ha e felle feela ho baleng tlhahiso-keno, empa hape e bonts'a tahlehelo e kholo ea matla.
1. Tahlehelo ea li-stack (tahlehelo ho chimney)
Likhase tse ntšang mosi tse tsoang mochesong o phahameng li na le enthalpy e kholo. Maiteko a ho fokotsa sena a ka etsoa ka li-economizer le li-preheater tsa moea, empa tlhokomelo e lokela ho nkoa ho netefatsa hore ha li fete ntlha ea phoka ea asiti (haholo-holo bakeng sa mafura a nang le sebabole) ho thibela ho bola.
2. Ho phatloha ha mollo
Ho tjhesa ha metsi hoa hlokahala ho laola bongata ba lintho tse qhibilihang (TDS) ka har'a teramo ea boiler. Leha ho le joalo, ho tlosoa ha metsi ana a chesang ho emela tahlehelo ea enthalpy. Sistimi ea ho khutlisa mocheso e ka sebelisa mocheso ona ho futhumatsa metsi a fepang kapa metsi a maiketsetso.
3. Moea o feteletseng le ho cha ho sa fellang
Moya o feteletseng oa hlokahala bakeng sa ho tuka ho tsitsitseng, empa moea o mongata haholo o eketsa boima ba khase ea flue, e leng se eketsang tahlehelo ea stack. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, moea o sa lekaneng o lebisa keketsehong ea CO2 le mafura a sa chesoang—ka bobeli li kotsi. Ntlafatso e finyelloa ka taolo ea khase ea flue O₂/CO2 le ho lokisa secheso.
4. Mahlaseli le convection ho tloha holimo
Ho thibela mocheso ho fokolang ho eketsa tahlehelo ea mocheso tikolohong. Lintlafatso tsa ho thibela mocheso le ho thibela mocheso ka kakaretso li na le tšusumetso e tobileng ho bokgabane le polokeho.
Tlhahlobo ea Boikoetliso: Ho Lekola Boleng ba Matla
Ntle le eneji (Molao oa I), thermodynamics ea boenjiniere ba sejoale-joale hangata e sebelisa tlhahlobo ea exergy ho lekola "boleng" ba eneji le ho se fetohe (Molao oa II). Exergy e hlalosa mosebetsi o moholo ka ho fetisisa o ka fumanoang ha sistimi e tlisoa maemong a eona a tikoloho.
Liboilers, ho se fetohe ho hoholo ho etsahala ha:
– Mokhoa oa ho tuka (likarabelo tsa lik'hemik'hale le ho kopanya mochesong o phahameng)
– Phetiso ea mocheso e nang le phapang e kholo ea mocheso, mohlala, pakeng tsa lelakabe le bokaholimo ba phaephe
– Khohlano ea phallo mahlakoreng a khase le metsi/mouoane (ho theoha ha khatello)
Ka tlhahlobo ea matla, basebetsi ba ka fumana hore leha mocheso o itseng o fetisetsoa metsing, boleng ba matla boa fokotseha ka lebaka la ho se fetohe ha ts'ebetso. Sena se thusa ho beha lintlafatso pele: mohlala, ho ntlafatsa kabo ea mafura a moea, ho eketsa pholiso ea mocheso, kapa ho fokotsa ΔT e phahameng haholo ka har'a phapanyetsano ea mocheso.
Tšusumetso ea Maemo a Ts'ebetso Tshebetsong ea Thermal
Tshebetso ea boiler e susumetsoa haholo ke khatello, mocheso le boleng ba metsi.
1. Khatello ea ts'ebetso
Ho eketsa kgatello ho eketsa mocheso wa ho tlala. Bakeng sa ditlhoko tse itseng tsa tshebetso, sena se ka eketsa bongata ba matla a mouoane. Leha ho le jwalo, kgatello e phahameng e hloka thepa e matla le taolo e tiileng.
2. Mocheso oa metsi a fepa
Ha mocheso oa metsi a phepelo o phahame, boiler e hloka mocheso o fokolang ho fihlela maemo a lakatsehang a mouoane. Ka hona, deaerator le economizer li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa.
3. Boleng ba metsi (kalafo)
Maemo a oksijene a qhibilihileng, ho thatafala, le TDS li susumetsa ho hola le ho bola. Ho hola ho eketsa khanyetso ea mocheso, e leng se fellang ka phetiso e mpe ea mocheso, keketseho ea mocheso oa tšepe, phokotso ea bokhoni, le kotsi e eketsehileng ea ho hloleha ha tube.
Leano la Ntlafatso ea Bokgoni bo Thehiloeng ho Thermodynamics
Mehato e meng e sebetsang e amanang ka ho toba le thuto ea thermodynamics e kenyelletsa:
– Ho kenya/ho ntlafatsa economizer ho sebedisa mocheso wa khase ya mosi ho futhumatsa metsi a fepang.
– Sehatsetsi sa moya se eketsang mocheso wa moya o tukang, se ntlafatsa botsitso le bokgoni ba malakabe.
– Taolo ea ho seha ha O₂ ho boloka moea o feteletseng o lekaneng.
– Ntlafatso ea ho phatloha ha moea le ho hlaphoheloa ha mocheso ho fokotsa tahlehelo ea enthalpy.
– Tlhokomelo ya bokahodimo ba phetiso ya mocheso (ho hlwekisa mosi/sekala) ho boloka tekanyo ya phetiso ya mocheso e le hodimo.
– Ho thibela mocheso hantle liphaepheng tsa mouoane, meropa le likhetla.
– Tlhokomelo e tswelang pele ya diparamitha tsa thermodynamic (T, P, sekgahla sa phallo, khase ya flue ya O₂/CO2) bakeng sa ho lemoha diphapang kapele.
Qetello
Thuto ea boenjiniere ba thermodynamics litsamaisong tsa boiler tsa indasteri e fana ka moralo o matla oa tlhahlobo bakeng sa ho utloisisa hore na matla a tsoang mafura a fetoloa joang hore e be mouoane, ha ka nako e ts'oanang a khetholla lintlha tsa tahlehelo tse fokotsang bokhoni. Ka ho sebelisa tekano ea matla (Molao oa Pele) le ho e tlatsa ka pono ea boikoetliso (Molao oa Bobeli), baenjiniere ba ka etsa liqeto tse tsamaisoang ke data ho ntlafatsa bokhoni, ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea mafura, ho boloka ts'epo ea lisebelisoa, le ho lelefatsa bophelo ba ts'ebetso ea boiler. Qetellong, boiler e ntlafalitsoeng ka thermodynamic ha e boloke litšenyehelo feela empa hape e tšehetsa phokotso ea mosi o tsoang le ts'ebetso ea indasteri e tsitsitseng haholoanyane.
