Macromolecules tsa Organic: Lintho tsa Bohlokoa tsa Bophelo
Limolek'hule tse kholo tsa tlhaho ke sehlopha sa limolek'hule tse kholo tse nang le khabone e le karolo ea mantlha ea sebopeho. Ke likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa bophelo 'me li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa baeloji. Ho na le mefuta e 'maloa e meholo ea limolek'hule tse kholo tsa tlhaho, ho kenyeletsoa lik'habohaedreite, liprotheine, lipids le nucleic acid. E 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea tsena e sebetsa likarolong tse fapaneng tsa bophelo, ho tloha polokelong ea matla ho isa ho khoutong tlhahisoleseling ea liphatsa tsa lefutso.
K'habohaedreite
Lik'habohaedreite ke mohloli oa mantlha oa matla bakeng sa lintho tse phelang. Li na le li-unit tsa monosaccharide (tsoekere e bonolo) tse ka kopanngoang ho etsa li-disaccharide, li-oligosaccharide le li-polysaccharide. Mehlala ea li-monosaccharide e kenyelletsa glucose le fructose, ha sucrose (tsoekere ea tafole) e le mohlala oa disaccharide. Li-polysaccharide, tse kang starch, glycogen le cellulose, ke mofuta oa polokelo ea matla kapa sebopeho linthong tse phelang.
Mosebetsi oa Lik'habohaedreite
1. Mohloli oa Matla: Glucose, e leng monosaccharide, ke molek'hule e ka sehloohong phefumolohong ea sele, e leng mokhoa oa ho etsa matla boemong ba sele.
2. Polokelo ea Matla: Setache se limela le glycogen liphoofolong li sebetsa e le polokelo ea matla ea nako e telele.
3. Sebopeho: Cellulose, polysaccharide e nang le liketane tse telele tsa glucose, e fana ka matla le tšireletso maboteng a sele ea limela.
4. Puisano ea Sele: Li-glycoprotein le li-glycolipide, tse fumanehang holim'a bokaholimo ba sele, li ameha ho lemoheng le puisanong ea sele lipakeng tsa lisele.
Protein
Liprotheine ke limolek'hule tse feto-fetohang haholo tse hahiloeng ka li-amino acid tse 20 tse fapaneng. Li ka etsa hoo e batlang e le mosebetsi ofe kapa ofe oa sele ka lebaka la meaho ea tsona e fapaneng ea mahlakore a mararo. Liprotheine li ameha ho etseng hore lik'hemik'hale li sebetse hantle (lienzyme), ho tsamaisa limolek'hule, ho tšehetsa meaho le mesebetsi e meng e mengata.
Mosebetsi oa Protheine
1. Li-enzyme: Liprotheine tse potlakisang liketso tsa lik'hemik'hale 'meleng. Mohlala, catalase e potlakisa ho senyeha ha hydrogen peroxide metsing le oksijene.
2. Sebopeho: Liprotheine tse kang collagen liseleng tse hokahaneng le keratin moriring le manaleng li fana ka tšehetso ea 'mele.
3. Tsamaiso: Hemoglobin, protheine e ka har'a lisele tse khubelu tsa mali, e tsamaisa oksijene ho tloha matšoafong ho pholletsa le 'mele.
4. Taolo le Matšoao: Lihormone tsa protheine tse kang insulin li laola tsoekere maling, 'me li-receptor tsa lera li fetisa matšoao ho tsoa ka ntle ho sele ho ea ka hare ho eona.
Mokelikeli
Lipids ke sehlopha sa limolek'hule tse kholo tse sa qhibiliheng metsing empa li qhibiliha ka har'a metsoako ea lintho tse phelang. Ke likarolo tse ka sehloohong tsa lera la sele 'me li sebetsa e le polokelo ea matla ea nako e telele. Lipids tse tsebahalang haholo li kenyelletsa mafura, oli, phospholipids le li-sterol tse kang k'holeseterole.
Mosebetsi oa Lipids
1. Polokelo ea Matla: Mafura a boloka matla a fetang lik'habohaedreite ka gram.
2. Sebopeho sa Lera: Li-phospholipid li etsa lera le kopaneng leo e leng motheo oa lera lohle la sele, li boloka tikoloho ea ka hare le ea kantle ea sele.
3. Matšoao le Taolo: Lihormone tsa steroid, tse nkiloeng ho lipids, li ameha taolong ea lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa 'mele, joalo ka testosterone le estrogen taolong ea ho ikatisa.
4. Ho sireletsa le ho sireletsa: Mafura a boetse a sireletsa diphoofolo mochesong mme a sireletsa ditho tsa ka hare hore di se ke tsa angwa.
Asiti ea Nyutlelie
Li-nucleic acid, ho kenyeletsoa le DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) le RNA (ribonucleic acid), ke limolek'hule tse bolokang le ho fetisa tlhahisoleseling ea liphatsa tsa lefutso. Ke motheo oa lefa la litšobotsi tsa baeloji ho tloha molokong o mong ho ea ho o mong.
Mesebetsi ea Li-Nucleic Acids
1. Ho Boloka Tlhahisoleseding ya Lefutso: DNA e boloka tlhahisoleseding e hlokahalang ho etsa diprotheine tsohle ka hara ntho e phelang.
2. Tlhaloso ea Liphatsa tsa Lefutso: RNA e kopitsa tlhahisoleseling ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ho tsoa ho DNA 'me e e fetolela liprotheine ka mekhoa ea ho ngola le ho fetolela.
3. Taolo ea Liphatsa tsa Lefutso: RNA e ka boela ea sebetsa e le molaoli oa ts'ebetso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, joalo ka microRNA e ka laolang tlhahiso ea liphatsa tse itseng tsa lefutso.
Likamano lipakeng tsa Macromolecules
Li-macromolecule tsa tlhaho ha li sebetse ka thoko; hangata lia sebelisana le ho susumetsana lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa baeloji. Mohlala:
– Li-glycoprotein le Li-Glycolipide: Motsoako oa liprotheine kapa lipids le lik'habohaedreite ka har'a lera la sele o bapala karolo likamanong tsa sele le sele.
– DNA le Protheine: Chromatin, sebopeho se rarahaneng pakeng tsa liprotheine tsa DNA le histone, e laola ho pakoa ha DNA ka har'a nucleus ea sele.
– Metabolism ea Matla: Lipids, lik'habohaedreite le liprotheine kaofela li ka fetoloa matla ka litsela tse hokahaneng tsa metabolism joalo ka potoloho ea Krebs.
Qetello
Limolek'hule tse kholo tsa tlhaho ke likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa bophelo, tse nolofalletsang lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa baeloji tse etsang hore boteng ba rona, le ba mefuta eohle ea bophelo, bo khonehe. Ho utloisisa hore na limolek'hule tsena li sebetsa joang le ho sebelisana joang ho re fa kutloisiso e betere ea baeloji le monyetla oa tsoelo-pele ea bongaka, theknoloji ea baeloji le temo. Ehlile, lipatlisiso li ntse li tsoela pele ho senola liphiri tse ling ka limolek'hule tsena tse kholo le karolo ea tsona bophelong.
