Mehlala ea Lipotso Tse Buang ka Mahlaseli a Gamma le X-Rays
Fisiks, haholo-holo fisiks ea nyutlelie le fisiks ea bongaka, mahlaseli a gamma le mahlaseli a X a bapala karolo ea bohlokoa. Mefuta ena e 'meli ea mahlaseli a motlakase e na le maqhubu a phahameng le matla a lekaneng ho kenella linthong tse tiileng, e leng se etsang hore e be lisebelisoa tsa bohlokoa lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng, ho tloha kalafong ea kankere ho ea ho litšoantšong tsa bongaka. Sengoloa sena se tla hlahloba mehlala e 'maloa ea mathata a amanang le mahlaseli a gamma le mahlaseli a X, hammoho le lipuisano ho tebisa kutloisiso ea rona.
1. Ho utloisisa Mahlasedi a Gamma le Mahlasedi a X
Mahlaseli a gamma
Mahlasedi a Gamma ke mofuta oa mahlaseli a motlakase a hlahisoang ke ho bola ha mahlaseli a kotsi ka har'a nuclei ea athomo. Mahlasedi ana a na le maqhubu a phahameng haholo, a fetang 10^19 Hz, le bolelele ba leqhubu bo bokhutšoanyane haholo, a ka tlase ho li-picometer tse 10. Mahlasedi a Gamma a na le matla a ho kenella a phahameng haholo 'me a ka kenella ka har'a likarolo tse teteaneng haholo tsa thepa.
X-ray
Ka lehlakoreng le leng, mahlaseli a X a hlahisoa ka lebaka la liphetoho tsa lielektrone liathomong, haholo-holo ha lielektrone tse tsoang likhetleng tse ka hare li nkeloa sebaka ke lielektrone tse tsoang likhetleng tse ka ntle tse theohelang ho nka sebaka sa tsona. Maqhubu a mahlaseli a X a tloha ho 10^16 Hz ho isa ho 10^21 Hz, ka maqhubu a bolelele a pakeng tsa 0.01 nm le 10 nm. Mahlaseli a X a sebelisoa haholo ho radiography ea bongaka le kristale ea X-ray.
2. Lipotso le Lipuisano tsa Mehlala
Mohlala oa Potso ea 1: Matla a Mahlaseli a Gamma
Potso:
Lehlaseli la mahlaseli a gamma le na le bolelele ba leqhubu ba 0.01 nm. Bala matla a photon a mahlaseli a gamma. (Sebelisa h e sa fetoheng ea Planck = 6.626 x 10^-34 Js le lebelo la khanya c = 3 x 10^8 m/s).
Puisano:
Matla a photon a ka baloa ho sebelisoa foromo:
\[ E = \frac{h \cdot c}{\lambda} \]
Hoa tsebahala:
– Bolelele ba maqhubu (λ) = 0.01 nm = 0.01 x 10^-9 m = 10^-11 m
– Phetoho e sa fetoheng ya Planck (h) = 6.626 x 10^-34 Js
– Lebelo la khanya (c) = 3 x 10^8 m/s
\[ E = \frac{6.626 \times 10^{-34} \times 3 \times 10^8}{10^{-11}} \]
\[ E = \frac{19.878 \makgetlo a 10^{-26}}{10^{-11}} \]
\[ E = 1.9878 \makgetlo a 10^{-14} \mongolo{J} \]
Kahoo, matla a photon ea mahlaseli a gamma ke 1.9878 x 10^-14 J.
Mohlala oa Potso ea 2: Ho Monya X-Ray
Potso:
Thepa e monya 70% ea matla a mahlaseli a X a fetang ho eona. Haeba matla a pele a mahlaseli a X e le 5 W/m^2, matla a mahlaseli a X ke afe ka mor'a ho feta ka har'a thepa?
Puisano:
Matla a ho qetela a mahlaseli a X (\(I_{final}\)) a ka balwa ka ho tlosa matla a monngoang ke thepa ho matla a pele (\(I_{initial}\)).
\[ I_{final} = I_{initial} – (I_{initial} \times \text{percentage absorption}) \]
\[ I_{end} = 5 \, \text{W/m}^2 – (5 \, \text{W/m}^2 \times 0.70) \]
\[ I_{end} = 5 \, \text{W/m}^2 – 3.5 \, \text{W/m}^2 \]
\[ I_{end} = 1.5 \, \mongolo{W/m}^2 \]
Kahoo, matla a mahlaseli a X ka mora ho feta ka hara thepa ke 1.5 W/m^2.
Mohlala Potso ea 3: Papiso ea Gamma Ray le X-Ray Penetration
Potso:
Haeba mahlaseli a gamma le mahlaseli a X a na le matla a 1 MeV le 100 keV ka ho latellana, ke efe e khonang ho kenella hamolemo linthong tse tiileng hona hobaneng?
Puisano:
Bokhoni ba ho kenella ha mahlaseli a motlakase ka har'a thepa bo itšetlehile haholo ka matla a li-photon tsa eona. Ha matla a li-photon a le holimo, bokhoni ba eona ba ho kenella ka har'a thepa bo eketseha.
– Matla a mahlaseli a Gamma: 1 MeV (1 MeV = 1 x 10^6 eV)
– Matla a X-ray: 100 keV (100 keV = 100 x 10^3 eV)
1 MeV e feta 100 keV, kahoo mahlaseli a gamma a na le matla a maholo ho feta mahlaseli a X. Ka hona, mahlaseli a gamma a khona ho phunyeletsa lintho tse tiileng ho feta mahlaseli a X.
Mohlala oa Potso ea 4: Tšebeliso ea Mahlaseli a Gamma Bongaka
Potso:
Kalafong ea mahlaseli a kankere, mahlaseli a gamma a matla a tekanyo e itseng a fetisetsoa liseleng tse amehileng. Haeba matla a tekanyo a hlokahalang e le 2 Grays (Gy) 'me phallo ea mahlaseli a gamma e le 0.4 Gy/min, kalafo e lokela ho nka nako e kae?
Puisano:
Ho fumana nako ea kalafo, re ka sebelisa kamano pakeng tsa tekanyo eohle, phallo ea tekanyo le nako.
\[ \text{Total dose} = \text{Dose phallo} \times \text{Time} \]
\[ 2 \, \mongolo{Gy} = 0.4 \, \mongolo{Gy/min} \nako \mongolo{Nako} \]
Kahoo, nako ea kalafo ke:
\[ \text{Time} = \frac{2 \, \text{Gy}}{0.4 \, \text{Gy/min}} \]
\[ \mongolo {Nako} = 5 \, \mongolo {metsotso} \]
Kahoo, kalafo e lokela ho etsoa metsotso e 5.
Mohlala Potso ea 5: Tšebeliso ea X-Rays ho Litšoantšo tsa Bongaka
Potso:
Ho X-ray, transmitter ea X-ray e ntša mahlaseli metsotsoana e 0.1 nthong ebe e hlahisa filimi e nang le boholo bo itseng ba setšoantšo. Haeba transmitter e se e setiloe bocha ho ntša mahlaseli metsotsoana e 0.2, boima ba setšoantšo filiming bo tla fetoha joang?
Puisano:
Botenya ba setšoantšo filiming ea X-ray bo lekana ka ho toba le bongata ba mahlaseli a amoheloang ke filimi. Ka ho imena habeli nako ea ho pepesehela mahlaseli ho tloha metsotsoana e 0.1 ho isa metsotsoana e 0.2, bongata ba mahlaseli a amoheloang le bona bo tla imena habeli.
Ka hona, boima ba moriti filiming le bona bo tla ba boholo bo habeli.
Ho koala
Mahlasedi a gamma le mahlaseli a X ke mefuta e 'meli e matla haholo ea mahlaseli a motlakase a nang le lits'ebetso tse ngata masimong a fapaneng. Ka mehlala le lipuisano tse kaholimo, re bone kamoo likhopolo tsena tsa motheo tsa fisiks ea mahlaseli li ka sebelisoang kateng lipalo tse sebetsang le lits'ebetsong tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tse kang kalafo ea mahlaseli a kankere le litšoantšo tsa bongaka.
Kutloisiso e ntle ea mekhoa ea ho sebetsa le litšobotsi tsa mefuta ena e 'meli ea mahlaseli e tla re thusa ho sebelisa mahlale a amanang le ona ka katleho le ho ntlafatsa boleng ba bophelo le bophelo bo botle ba sechaba ka lits'ebetso tse ncha tsa bongaka.
