Mehlala ea lipotso tse buang ka thepa ea litharollo tsa ntoa
Litšobotsi tsa litharollo tse kopaneng ke litšobotsi tse itšetlehileng feela ka palo ea likaroloana tse qhibilihang ka har'a tharollo, eseng ka mofuta kapa tlhaho ea solute. Ho na le mefuta e mene e meholo ea litšobotsi tsa colligative: ho theola khatello ea mouoane, ho phahamisa ntlha e belang, ho tepella ha ntlha ea ho hoama, le khatello ea osmotic. Sehloohong sena, re tla buisana ka mathata a 'maloa a mehlala le ho buisana ka thepa e' ngoe le e 'ngoe ea colligative ea litharollo.
1. Phokotso ea Khatello ea Mouoane (Molao oa Raoult)
Mohlala oa mathata:
Qhibilihisa digrama tse 18 tsa urea (NH2CONH2) ka digrama tse 200 tsa metsi. Ho fokotseha ha kgatello ya mouoane wa tharollo ke hofe haeba kgatello ya mouoane wa metsi a hlwekileng mochesong o itseng e le 23.8 mmHg? (Boima ba molar ba urea = 60 g/mol)
Puisano:
Ho bala ho theoha ha khatello ea mouoane, re tlameha ho bala karolo ea mole ea solute.
1. Bala palo ea li-mole tsa urea:
\[
\text{Palo ea li-moles tsa urea} = \frac{18 \text{ g}}{60 \text{ g/mol}} = 0.3 \text{ mol}
\]
2. Bala palo ea li-moles tsa metsi:
\[
\text{Boima ba molar ba metsi} = 18 \text{ g/mol}
\]
\[
\text{Palo ea li-moles tsa metsi} = \frac{200 \text{ g}}{18 \text{ g/mol}} = 11.11 \text{ mol}
\]
3. Bala karolo ea mole ea solute:
\[
x_{\text{urea}} = \frac{0.3 \text{ mol}}{0.3 \text{ mol} + 11.11 \text{ mol}} = 0.0265
\]
4. Phokotso ea khatello ea mouoane:
\[
\Delta P = P_0 \cdot x_{\text{urea}} = 23.8 \text{ mmHg} \times 0.0265 = 0.63 \text{ mmHg}
\]
2. Ho phahama ha ntlha e belang
Mohlala oa mathata:
Phahamo ea ntlha ea ho belisa ea tharollo e nang le 1 mol NaCl/kg ea metsi ke efe? Kf bakeng sa metsi ke 0.52 °C/m.
Puisano:
NaCl ka har'a tharollo e arohana ho ba li-ion tse 2 (Na+ le Cl-), kahoo van 't Hoff factor (i) ke 2.
1. Bala molality ea tharollo (m):
\[
m = \frac{1 \text{ mol}}{1 \text{ kg}} = 1 \text{ m}
\]
2. Ho phahama ha ntlha e belang:
\[
\Delta T_b = i \cdot K_b \cdot m = 2 \cdot 0.52 \text{ °C/m} \cdot 1 \text{ m} = 1.04 \text{ °C}
\]
Kahoo, keketseho ea ntlha ea ho belisa ea tharollo ke 1.04 °C.
3. Ho Tepella Maikutlo ha Dintlha tsa Ho Hlwella
Mohlala oa mathata:
Bala ntlha ea ho hatsela ea tharollo e nang le 0.5 mol ea tsoekere (C6H12O6)/kg ea metsi. Kf bakeng sa metsi ke 1.86 °C/m2.
Puisano:
Tsoekere ha e arohane le tharollo, kahoo ntlha ea van 't Hoff (i) ke 1.
1. Bala molality ea tharollo (m):
\[
m = \frac{0.5 \text{ mol}}{1 \text{ kg}} = 0.5 \text{ m}
\]
2. Ho tepella ha ntlha ea leqhoa:
\[
\Delta T_f = i \cdot K_f \cdot m = 1 \cdot 1.86 \text{ °C/m} \cdot 0.5 \text{ m} = 0.93 \text{ °C}
\]
Kahoo, ntlha ea ho hoama ea tharollo ke 0.93 °C.
4. Khatello ea Osmotic
Mohlala oa mathata:
Bala khatello ea osmotic ea tharollo ea urea ea 0.1 M ho 27 °C. (R = 0.0821 L·atm/K·mol)
Puisano:
Khatello ea Osmotic (\(\pi\)) e ka baloa ho sebelisoa foromo:
\[
\pi = MRT
\]
1. Fetolela mocheso ho Kelvin:
\[
T = 27 \mongolo{°C} + 273.15 = 300.15 \mongolo{K}
\]
2. Bala khatello ea osmotic:
\[
\pi = 0.1 \mongolo{ M} \nako 0.0821 \mongolo{ L·atm/K·mol} \nako 300.15 \mongolo{ K}
\]
\[
\pi = 2.461 \mongolo{atm}
\]
Kahoo, khatello ea osmotic ea tharollo ke 2.461 atm.
Qetello
Litšobotsi tsa litharollo tse loantšanang li fana ka temohisiso e bonolo empa e le matla mabapi le hore na litharollo li itšoara joang ho latela palo ea likaroloana tse qhibilihang. Ka mehlala e kaholimo, re ka utloisisa mokhoa oa ho bala ho theola khatello ea mouoane, ho phahama ha ntlha e belang, ho tepella ha ntlha e batang, le khatello ea osmotic ea tharollo. Re tšepa hore litlhaloso tsena le mehlala li thusa ho utloisisa mohopolo oa litšobotsi tsa litharollo tse loantšanang le ...
