Mehlala ea Lipotso Tse Buisanang ka Sehlahisoa sa ho Qhibiliha le ho Qhibiliha
Ho qhibiliha le sehlahisoa sa ho qhibiliha (Ksp) ke mehopolo ea bohlokoa k'hemistri e amanang le litharollo tse khorisitsoeng le ho qhibiliha ha ntho e ka har'a tharollo. Ho utloisisa sehlooho sena ho ka re thusa ho bolela esale pele hore na letsoai le tla qhibiliha hakae ka har'a tharollo le hore na lintlha tse fapaneng li ama ho qhibiliha hoo joang. Sehlooho sena se tla tšohla mehlala e 'maloa ea mathata le litharollo tsa bona tse amanang le ho qhibiliha le Ksp.
Mehopolo ea Motheo
Ho qhibiliha (S) ke bongata bo boholo ba ntho e ka qhibilihang ka har'a motsoako o qhibilihang ho etsa tharollo e tletseng mochesong o fanoeng. Hangata, ho qhibiliha ho hlahisoa ka li-unit tsa molarity (mol/L).
Sehlahisoa sa Tharollo (Ksp) ke tekano e sa fetoheng bakeng sa ho arohana ha di-electrolyte tse qhibilihang hanyane ka metsing. Ksp e fana ka tlhahisoleseding mabapi le hore na letsoai le tla qhibiliha hakae ka metsing mme ke sehlahisoa sa mahloriso a di-ion ka hara tharollo e tletseng, e nngwe le e nngwe e phahamiseditswe matleng a coefficient ya yona ya stoichiometric.
Mohlala, haeba re na le letsoai la AxBy le arohanang ho ba li-ion ho latela equation:
\[ \mongolo{AxBy (s)} \rightleftharpoons xA^{n+} (aq) + yB^{m-} (aq) \]
Kahoo, Ksp e ka ngolwa ka tsela ena:
\[ \text{Ksp} = [A^{n+}]^x [B^{m-}]^y \]
Lipotso le Lipuisano tsa Mehlala
Mohlala oa Potso ea 1
Potso:
Bala ho qhibiliha ha \(AgCl\) (Ksp = \(1.8 \makgetlo a 10^{-10}\)) ka metsing a hlwekileng.
Puisano:
Ksp \(AgCl\) = 1.8 x \(10^{-10}\) mol²/L²
Karabelo ea ho arohana:
\[AgCl (s) \rightleftharpoons Ag^+ (aq) + Cl^- (aq)\]
A re re ho qhibiliha ha \(AgCl\) ke S mol/L. Ebe, mahloriso a \(Ag^+\) le \(Cl^-\) tharollong e tletseng a tla lekana le S mol/L.
Tekanyo ea Ksp:
\[Ksp = [Ag^+][Cl^-]\]
Kenya boleng ba S sebakeng sa bona:
\[1.8 \makgetlo a 10^{-10} = S \makgetlo a S\]
\[S^2 = 1.8 \makgetlo a 10^{-10}\]
\[S = \sqrt{1.8 \makgetlo a 10^{-10}} \]
\[S = 1.34 \makgetlo a 10^{-5} \, \text{mol/L}\]
Kahoo, ho qhibiliha ha \(AgCl\) metsing a hlwekileng ke \(1.34 \makgetlo a 10^{-5}\) mol/L.
Mohlala oa Potso ea 2
Potso:
Ho qhibiliha ha \(CaF_2\) (Ksp = \(3.9 \makgetlo a 10^{-11}\)) metsing a hlwekileng ke eng?
Puisano:
Karabelo ea ho arohana:
\[CaF_2 (s) \rightleftharpoons Ca^{2+} (aq) + 2F^- (aq)\]
A re re ho qhibiliha ha \(CaF_2\) ke S mol/L. Ebe, mahloriso a \(Ca^{2+}\) ka hara tharollo e tletseng ke S mol/L mme mahloriso a \(F^-\) ke 2S mol/L.
Tekanyo ea Ksp:
\[Ksp = [Ca^{2+}][F^-]^2\]
Kenya boleng ba S sebakeng sa bona:
\[3.9 \makgetlo a 10^{-11} = S \makgetlo (2S)^2\]
\[3.9 \makgetlo a 10^{-11} = S \makgetlo a 4S^2\]
\[3.9 \makgetlo a 10^{-11} = 4S^3\]
\[S^3 = \frac{3.9 \makgetlo a 10^{-11}}{4}\]
\[S^3 = 9.75 \makgetlo a 10^{-12}\]
\[S = \sqrt[3]{9.75 \makgetlo a 10^{-12}}\]
\[S \hoo e ka bang 2.1 \makgetlo a 10^{-4} \, \text{mol/L}\]
Kahoo, ho qhibiliha ha \(CaF_2\) metsing a hlwekileng ke \(2.1 \makgetlo a 10^{-4}\) mol/L.
Mohlala oa Potso ea 3
Potso:
Ho qhibiliha ha \(PbCl_2\) (Ksp = \(1.7 \times 10^{-5}\)) tharollong ya \(0.1\) M \(HCl\) ke eng?
Puisano:
Karabelo ea ho arohana:
\[PbCl_2 (s) \rightleftharpoons Pb^{2+} (aq) + 2Cl^- (aq)\]
A re re ho qhibiliha ha \(PbCl_2\) ke S mol/L. Ebe, mahloriso a \(Pb^{2+}\) ka hara tharollo e tletseng ke S mol/L mme mahloriso a eketsehileng a \(Cl^-\) ho tloha karohanong ya \(PbCl_2\) ke 2S mol/L.
Leha ho le jwalo, ho boetse ho na le \(Cl^-\) ho tswa ho \(HCl\) e seng e ntse e le teng ho fihlela ho 0.1 M.
Tekanyo ea Ksp:
\[Ksp = [Pb^{2+}][Cl^-]^2\]
Kenya boleng ba S le \(Cl^-\):
\[1.7 \makgetlo a 10^{-5} = S \makgetlo (0.1 + 2S)^2\]
Kaha 0.1 M \(Cl^-\) e kgolo haholo ho feta 2S, \(0.1 + 2S \hoo e ka bang 0.1\).
Kahoo ho bala ho ba bonolo:
\[1.7 \makgetlo a 10^{-5} = S \makgetlo (0.1)^2\]
\[1.7 \makgetlo a 10^{-5} = S \makgetlo a 0.01\]
\[S = \frac{1.7 \makgetlo a 10^{-5}}{0.01}\]
\[S = 1.7 \makgetlo a 10^{-3} \, \text{mol/L}\]
Kahoo, ho qhibiliha ha \(PbCl_2\) ho \(0.1\) M \(HCl\) ke \(1.7 \makgetlo a 10^{-3}\) mol/L.
Mohlala oa Potso ea 4
Potso:
Bala ho qhibiliha ha \(BaSO_4\) (Ksp = \(1.1 \times 10^{-10}\)) ka hara tharollo e nang le \(0.01\) M \(Na_2SO_4\).
Puisano:
Karabelo ea ho arohana:
\[BaSO_4 (s) \rightleftharpoons Ba^{2+} (aq) + SO_4^{2-} (aq)\]
A re re ho qhibiliha ha \(BaSO_4\) ke S mol/L. Ebe, mahloriso a \(Ba^{2+}\) ka hara tharollo e tletseng ke S mol/L mme mahloriso a \(SO_4^{2-}\) a \(BaSO_4\) ke S mol/L. Leha ho le jwalo, ho na le \(0.01\) M \(SO_4^{2-}\) ya \(Na_2SO_4\).
Tekanyo ea Ksp:
\[Ksp = [Ba^{2+}][SO_4^{2-}]\]
Kenya boleng ba S le \(SO_4^{2-}\):
\[1.1 \makgetlo a 10^{-10} = S \makgetlo (0.01 + S)\]
Kaha \(0.01\) M \(SO_4^{2-}\) e kgolo haholo ho feta S, \(0.01 + S \hoo e ka bang 0.01\).
Kahoo ho bala ho ba bonolo:
\[1.1 \makgetlo a 10^{-10} = S \makgetlo a 0.01\]
\[S = \frac{1.1 \makgetlo a 10^{-10}}{0.01}\]
\[S = 1.1 \makgetlo a 10^{-8} \, \text{mol/L}\]
Ka hona, ho qhibiliha ha \(BaSO_4\) ka hara tharollo e nang le \(0.01\) M \(Na_2SO_4\) ke \(1.1 \times 10^{-8}\) mol/L.
Qetello
Ka mehlala ea mathata a kaholimo, re ka bona kamoo likhopolo tsa ho qhibiliha le sehlahisoa sa ho qhibiliha (Ksp) li sebelisoang kateng maemong a fapaneng. Kutloisiso ena e bohlokoa haholo-holo ha re batla ho fumana ho qhibiliha ha letsoai le itseng tlas'a maemo a fapaneng, joalo ka ka har'a solvent e hloekileng kapa boteng ba ion e tloaelehileng. Bokhoni ba ho rarolla mathata ana bo re thusa lits'ebetsong tse ngata tse sebetsang, ho kenyeletsoa meriana, k'hemistri ea tikoloho le tlhoekiso ea thepa.
Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore ho qhibiliha ha letsoai ha ho itšetlehe feela ka boleng ba Ksp, empa ho ka boela ha angoa ke mahloriso a li-ion tse ling ka har'a tharollo, mocheso le pH ea tikoloho. Ka ho sebelisa melao-motheo ea motheo ea k'hemistri le calculus e bonolo, re ka bolela esale pele le ho laola liketsahalo tsa ho qhibiliha litsamaisong tse fapaneng tsa lik'hemik'hale.
