Mohlala oa Lipotso tsa Puisano tsa Semiconductor
Pendahuluan
Semiconductor ke thepa e nang le motlakase o tsamaisang motlakase pakeng tsa oa setsamaisi (joalo ka koporo) le sethibela-mollo (joalo ka khalase). Lefatšeng la kajeno, li-semiconductor li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa kaha ke thepa ea motheo e sebelisoang ho etsa lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tsa elektroniki, ho kenyeletsoa li-diode, li-transistors le lipotoloho tse kopantsoeng (li-IC). Sengoloa sena se tla hlahisa mehlala e 'maloa ea mathata a semiconductor ho thusa babali ho utloisisa taba ena ka botebo.
1. Sebopeho sa kristale sa semiconductor
Potso: Hlalosa sebopeho sa kristale sa di-semiconductor tsa silicon le phello ea sebopeho sena litšobotsing tsa tsona tsa motlakase.
Puisano: Li-semiconductor tsa silicon li na le sebopeho sa kristale se tsejoang e le kristale ea daemane cubic. Sebopehong sena, athomo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea silicon e hokahantsoe ka kopanelo le liathomo tse 'ne tsa silicon tse haufi, e leng se etsang tlamo e tsitsitseng haholo. Sena se hlalosa hore na ke hobane'ng ha silicon e hloekileng e na le conductivity e tlase ea motlakase mochesong oa kamore.
Ho tsamaisa motlakase ha silicon ho ka eketsoa ka ho eketsa ditshila (doping). Mohlala, ho eketsa phosphorus (doping ya mofuta wa n) ho tla kenya dielektrone tse lokolohileng, ha ho eketsa boron (doping ya mofuta wa p) ho tla etsa masoba a sebetsang e le bajari ba tjhaja ba positive.
2. Ho sebelisa lithethefatsi tse nang le semiconductor
Potso: Hlalosa phapang pakeng tsa ho sebelisa doping ea mofuta oa n le ho sebelisa doping ea mofuta oa p le litlamorao tsa tsona ho conductivity ea semiconductor.
Puisano: Ho sebelisa doping ke mokhoa oa ho eketsa litšila ho semiconductor ho fetola thepa ea eona ea motlakase. Ho sebelisa doping ea mofuta oa n, liathomo tse se nang litšila tse ekelitsoeng hangata li na le lielektrone tse ngata tsa valence ho feta liathomo tsa silicon (mohlala, phosphorus e nang le lielektrone tse 5 tsa valence). Lielektrone tsena tse eketsehileng li fetoha lielektrone tse lokolohileng tse ka kenyang letsoho ho tsamaiso ea motlakase, ka hona li eketsa tsamaiso ea motlakase ea thepa.
Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho p-type doping, liathomo tse litšila li na le lielektrone tse fokolang tsa valence ho feta silicon (mohlala, boron e na le lielektrone tse 3 tsa valence). Ho hloka lielektrone tsa valence ho baka masoba a sebetsang e le bajari ba tjhaja ba positive. Masoba ana a eketsa conductivity ka ho lumella tjhaja ho tsamaea ka har'a kristale.
3. Lekhalo la Lebanta le ho Tsamaisa Motlakase
Potso: Hlalosa le ho hlalosa mohopolo oa lekhalo la band le kamoo le amang ho tsamaisoa ha motlakase ha li-semiconductor.
Puisano: Lekhalo la lebanta ke matla a hlokahalang ho tsamaisa dielektrone ho tloha sehlopheng sa valence ho ya sehlopheng sa conduction. Di-semiconductor di na le lekhalo le lenyenyane la lebanta ho feta di-insulator, empa le leholo ho feta di-conductor.
Ho di-semiconductor, ha dielektrone di fumana matla a lekaneng (mohlala, ho tswa mochesong kapa di-photon), di ka tlola lekhalo la sehlopha ho ya ho sehlopha sa phetisetso mme tsa fetoha dielektrone tse lokolohileng tse ka tsamaisang motlakase. Boholo ba lekhalo la sehlopha bo bontsha hore na dielektrone di ka kgahla le sehlopha sa phetisetso habonolo hakae:
– Li-semiconductor tse nang le likheo tse nyane tsa lebanta (joalo ka silicon, tse nang le lekhalo la lebanta la ~1.1 eV) li bonolo ho tsamaisa motlakase maemong a mocheso a tlase.
– Disekethara tse nang le lekhalo le leholo la lebanta (jwalo ka gallium arsenide, tse nang le lekhalo la lebanta la ~1.4 eV) di hloka matla a mangata hore di kgone ho tsamaisa motlakase, empa di ka sebetsa hantle haholo ditshebedisong tse itseng tse kang di-diode tse ntshang lesedi (LED).
4.Transistor
Potso: Transistor ke eng hona e sebetsa joang lits'ebetsong tsa elektroniki?
Puisano: Transistor ke karolo ea semiconductor e sebelisetsoang ho holisa kapa ho fetola matšoao a elektroniki. Ho na le mefuta e 'meli e tloaelehileng ea li-transistor: li-transistor tsa bipolar junction (BJTs) le li-transistor tsa phello ea tšimo (FETs).
Ho BJT, ho na le mekhahlelo e meraro ea mofuta oa p le mofuta oa n e hlophisitsoeng (npn kapa pnp). Motlakase o kenang botlaaseng (B) o laola phallo ea hona joale pakeng tsa pokello (C) le emitter (E). Ho sa le joalo, ho FET, motlakase o sebelisoang hekeng (G) o laola phallo ea hona joale pakeng tsa drain (D) le mohloli (S).
Li-transistors li lumella ho holisoa ha lets'oao hobane liphetoho tse nyane tse kenang (botlaaseng kapa hekeng) li ka baka liphetoho tse kholo tlhahisong (moqokeleli-moemitter kapa mohloli oa drain). Sena se etsa hore li-transistors e be likarolo tsa bohlokoa lipotolohong tsa elektroniki, ho kenyeletsoa li-amplifier le lipotoloho tsa logic.
5. Diode
Potso: Mosebetsi oa diode ke ofe 'me o sebetsa joang?
Puisano: Diode ke karolo ea semiconductor e lumellang motlakase ho phalla ka lehlakoreng le le leng feela. Diode e na le kopano ea p-n, e leng kopano pakeng tsa thepa ea mofuta oa p le mofuta oa n. Ha motlakase o sebelisoa ka lehlakoreng le ka pele (anode ho ea ho cathode), motlakase o ka phalla habonolo. Leha ho le joalo, haeba motlakase o sebelisoa ka lehlakoreng le ka morao (cathode ho ea ho anode), khanyetso e phahameng e tla thibela phallo ea motlakase.
Sena se etsa hore diode e be thuso haholo lits'ebetsong tse kang ho lokisa (e fetolelang motlakase o fetohang ho ba motlakase o tobileng), tšireletso ea potoloho, le ho fetola matshwao.
6. Litšebeliso tsa Li-semiconductor ho tsa Elektroniki
Potso: Bolela lits'ebetso tse ling tsa li-semiconductor theknolojing ea sejoale-joale 'me u hlalose mesebetsi ea tsona.
Puisano: Li-semiconductor li sebelisoa lits'ebetsong tse fapaneng tsa theknoloji ea sejoale-joale ho kenyeletsoa:
– Li-Microprocessor le Memori: Tšebeliso ea li-transistors lipotolohong tse kopantsoeng (li-IC) e lumella ho thehoa ha li-microprocessor tse rarahaneng haholo le tse sebetsang hantle le li-chip tsa memori.
– Disensara: Disensara tsa semiconductor di ka lemoha diparamente tse fapaneng tsa mmele tse kang lesedi (photodiode), mocheso (di-thermistors), le kgatello (disensara tsa piezoelectric).
– Diode e Ntšang Leseli (LED): Li-semiconductor tse itseng li ka ntša leseli ha motlakase o phalla ka har'a tsona, tse sebelisoang lipontšong, maboneng le lipontšong.
– Lisele tsa Letsatsi: Li-semiconductor tse kang silicon li hlahisa motlakase ha li pepesehetse khanya ea letsatsi, e sebelisoang liphanele tsa letsatsi ho hlahisa matla a motlakase.
Ho koala
Ho utloisisa mehopolo ea motheo ea li-semiconductor le mehlala e fapaneng ea mathata a tšohloang ho tla thusa babali ho tseba taba le ts'ebeliso ea li-semiconductor theknolojing ea sejoale-joale. Sengoloa sena se lebelletsoe ho fana ka temohisiso e tebileng mabapi le mesebetsi, melao-motheo ea ts'ebetso le bohlokoa ba li-semiconductor lefatšeng la lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki.
