Mohlala oa Lipotso tsa Puisano ea Karabelo ea Kopanyo
Ho kopanya ke ts'ebetso ea nyutlelie eo ho eona li-nuclei tse peli tse bobebe tsa athomo li kopanang ho etsa nucleus e boima. Karabelo ena ke mohloli oa matla a matlafatsang linaleli bokahohleng, ho kenyeletsoa le letsatsi la rona. Sehloohong sena, re tla tšohla likhopolo tsa motheo tsa likarabelo tsa ho kopanya 'me re fane ka mehlala le litharollo ho ntlafatsa kutloisiso ea rona ea ketsahalo ena e khahlang.
Selelekela sa Likarabelo tsa Fusion
Likarabelo tsa ho kopanya li etsahala tlas'a maemo a mocheso o phahameng haholo le khatello, joalo ka a fumanoang khubung ea naleli. Ts'ebetso ena e kenyelletsa ho kopanngoa ha li-nuclei tse peli tsa haedrojene (hangata deuterium le tritium) ka har'a khubu ea helium, ho lokolla matla a mangata haholo. Tekanyo ea karabelo ke:
\[
\text{D} + \text{T} \rightarrow \text{He} + \text{n} + \text{energy}
\]
Mona, D ke deuterium (\(^2_1\text{H}\)), T ke tritium (\(^3_1\text{H}\)), He ke helium (\(^4_2\text{He}\)), mme n ke neutron (\(^1_0\text{n}\)).
Matla a hlahisoang a tsoa phapang ea boima pakeng tsa lihlahisoa le li-reactant, ho latela equation e tummeng ea Einstein, \(E=mc^2\), moo \(E\) e leng matla, \(m\) e leng boima bo lahlehileng, 'me \(c\) e le lebelo la khanya.
Ke Hobane'ng ha Karabelo ea ho Kopanya e le Thata ho e Finyella Lefatšeng?
Leha dikarabelo tsa ho kopanya di hlahisa matla a mangata haholo, ho theha maemo a nepahetseng bakeng sa ho kopanya Lefatsheng ho thata haholo. Dithempereichara di tlameha ho fihla ho dimilione tsa di-degree Celsius hore di-nuclei tsa athomo di be le matla a lekaneng a kinetic ho hlola ho kgannwa ha motlakase. Ho feta moo, kgatello e kgolo e a hlokahala hore di-nuclei di atamele mme di kopane.
Litšebelisong tse sebetsang, joalo ka liteko tsa ho kopanya tse laoloang li-reactor tsa ho kopanya, phephetso e kholo ke ho boloka plasma (motsoako oa li-nuclei tse ntle le lielektrone tse lokolohileng) nako e telele ho lekana hore ho kopane ho hoholo ho etsahale.
Lipotso tsa Mehlala le Puisano
Mona ke mehlala e meng ea mathata a ka re thusang ho utloisisa hore na likarabelo tsa fusion li sebetsa joang le hore na lipalo li etsoa joang.
Potso ea 1: Palo ea Matla a Kopantsoeng
Li-nuclei tse peli tsa deuterium lia kopana ho etsa nucleus ea helium-4 laboratoring. Boima ba athomo ba deuterium ke 2,014 u mme boima ba athomo ba helium ke 4,002 u. Bala matla a lokolloang karabelong ena.
Puisano:
1. Ngola equation ea karabelo:
\[ 2\text{ } \motsu o nepahetseng \text{He} \]
2. Bala Kakaretso ea Boima Pele le Kamora Karabelo:
Pele: \(2 \makgetlo a 2,014 \ \text{u} = 4,028 \ \text{u}\)
Kamora: \(4,002 \ \text{u}\)
3. Bala Khaello ea Boima:
Khaello e kgolo \(= 4,028 \ \text{u} – 4,002 \ \text{u} = 0,026 \ \text{u}\)
4. Fetolela ho Matla U Sebelisa \(E=mc^2\):
Sebelisa phetoho ea 1 u (yuniti ea boima ba athomo) = 931.5 MeV/c²:
\[
E = 0,026 \ \mongolo{u} \makgetlo a 931,5 \ \mongolo{MeV/u} = 24,2 \ \mongolo{MeV}
\]
Kahoo, matla a lokollotsoeng ke 24,2 MeV.
Potso ea 2: Ho Fumana Mocheso o Fokolang Haholo bakeng sa ho Kopanya
Bala mocheso o fokolang o hlokahalang bakeng sa karabelo ea ho kopanya ha haedrojene haeba mokoallo oa matla oa Coulomb (mokoallo o ka bang teng pakeng tsa li-nuclei tse peli tsa proton) e le 0,1 MeV.
Puisano:
Karolelano ea matla a kinetic a likaroloana ka har'a khase mochesong oa (T) e fanoa ke (3/2 kT), moo (k) e leng kamehla ea Boltzmann ((8,617 ka makhetlo a 10^{-5} \ \text{eV/K}\)).
1. Matla a Coulomb = Matla a Kinetic a Tloaelehileng:
\[ 0,1 \ \mongolo{MeV} = \frac{3}{2} kT \]
Fetolela 0,1 MeV ho eV: \(0,1 \ \text{MeV} = 10^{5} \ \text{eV}\).
2. Mocheso \(T\):
\[
T = \frac{2 \times 10^{5} \ \text{eV}}{3 \times 8,617 \times 10^{-5} \ \text{eV/K}}
\hoo e ka bang 7,7 \makgetlo a 10^{9} \ \mongolo{K}
\]
Kahoo, mocheso o tlase o hlokahalang bakeng sa ho kopana ha haeterojene ho etsahala ke hoo e ka bang \(7,7 \makgetlo a 10^{9} \ \text{K}\).
Qetello
Likarabelo tsa ho kopanya ke ts'ebetso ea bohlokoa bokahohleng, e fanang ka matla a tšehetsang bophelo Lefatšeng ka tlhahiso ea matla a letsatsi. Leha ho le joalo, ho pheta-pheta maemo ana Lefatšeng ka tekanyo e hlokahalang ea matla ke phephetso e kholo e tobaneng le bafuputsi ba fisiks ea plasma le theknoloji ea matla. Bothata ba mohlala bo kaholimo bo bontša kamoo lipalo boemong ba ho kopanya li etsoang kateng, ho totobatsa bohlokoa ba ho utloisisa likhopolo tsa motheo le ho tseba lipalo bakeng sa lipatlisiso tse ling lefapheng lena.
Qetellong, leha ho hlahisa eneji e hlwekileng le e tsitsitseng ho tsoa ho diketso tsa ho kopanya ho hloka dipatlisiso tse matla le ntshetsopele, melemo ya yona e ka bang teng e ke ke ya latoloa, haholoholo boitekong ba ho fokotsa ho itshetleha hodima mafura a fosele le ho sebetsana le phetoho ya maemo a lehodimo.
