Mohlala oa Lipotso tsa Puisano ea Karabelo ea Fission
Pendahuluan
Ho arohana ha nyutlelie ke e 'ngoe ea liketsahalo tse khahlisang le tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa fisiks ea nyutlelie. Karabelo ena e kenyelletsa ho aroloa ha li-nuclei tse boima tsa athomo hore e be tse bobebe, ka ho lokolloa ha matla a mangata haholo. Mokhoa ona ke motheo oa theknoloji ea tlhahiso ea matla a nyutlelie le bomo ea athomo. Ho utloisisa likarabelo tsa karohano, ka bobeli ka khopolo-taba le ka mokhoa o sebetsang, ho bohlokoa bakeng sa baithuti ba fisiks le batho ka bomong ba nang le thahasello saenseng ea nyutlelie. Sengoloa sena se hlahloba mehlala e 'maloa ea likarabelo tsa karohano le lipuisano tsa tsona ho re thusa ho utloisisa mohopolo ona hamolemo.
Mehopolo ea Motheo ea Likarabelo tsa ho Fihla
Karabelo ea karohano e ka hlalosoa habonolo e le mokhoa oo ka oona khubu e boima ea athomo (joalo ka uranium-235 kapa plutonium-239) e monyang neutron ebe e arohana ho ba li-nuclei tse peli kapa ho feta tse bobebe, li-neutron tse 'maloa, le matla a mangata. Matla a lokolloang karabelong ea karohano a tsoa phapang ea boima, moo boima bo bonyenyane bo lahlehang 'me bo fetoloa matla ho latela molao oa Albert Einstein oa E=mc².
Mokhoa oa ho Qhaqha ha Nyutlelie
Karabelo ea karohano hangata e qala ha nucleus e boima ea athomo e monya neutron e lahlehileng. Sena se baka isotope e sa tsitsang haholo, e sa tsitsang hoo e ka bang hang-hang e arohanang ho ba li-nuclei tse bobebe, e lokolla li-neutron tse 'maloa le matla a bohlokoa. Mohlala ke ona oa karabelo ea karohano ea uranium-235:
\[
{}^{235}_{92}U + {}^1_0n \rightarrow {}^{141}_{56}Ba + {}^{92}_{36}Kr + 3{}^1_0n + \text{energy}
\]
Mohlala oa Lipotso tsa Karabelo ea ho Fihla
Mehlala e 'maloa e latelang ke ea lipotso tse mabapi le likarabelo tsa karohano tse atisang ho fumanoa lithutong tsa fisiks ea nyutlelie hammoho le lipuisano tsa litharollo tsa tsona.
Mohlala oa Potso ea 1
Potso: Ntlheng ea uranium-235 e hapa neutron 'me e petsoha ho etsa barium-141, krypton-92, li-neutron tse tharo le matla. Bala matla a lokolloang karabelong ena, ha u nahana ka bongata ba likaroloana ka tsela e latelang:
– Boima ${}^{235}_{92}U = 235.0439299 \ \text{u}$
– Boima ba neutron $^1_0n = 1.0086649 \ \text{u}$
– Boima ${}^{141}_{56}Ba = 140.9144060 \ \text{u}$
– Boima ${}^{92}_{36}Kr = 91.9261730 \ \text{u}$
_Hlokomela: 1 u = 931.5 MeV/c²._
Puisano:
1. Palo ea Boima Pele ho Karabelo:
– Boima ba pele ho karabelo ke boima ba uranium-235 le neutron e le 'ngoe:
\[
M_{\text{before}} = 235.0439299 \, \text{u} + 1.0086649 \, \text{u} = 236.0525948 \, \text{u}
\]
2. Boima bo Felletseng Kamora Karabelo:
– Boima ka mora karabelo ke boima ba barium, krypton, le di-neutron tse tharo:
\[
M_{\text{after}} = 140.9144060 \, \text{u} + 91.9261730 \, \text{u} + 3 \times 1.0086649 \, \text{u} = 235.8476727 \, \text{u}
\]
3. Phetoho ea 'Misa:
– Phetoho ea boima, kapa tahlehelo ea boima, ke phapang lipakeng tsa boima pele le ka mor'a karabelo:
\[
\Delta m = M_{\text{before}} – M_{\text{after}} = 236.0525948 \, \text{u} – 235.8476727 \, \text{u} = 0.2049221 \, \text{u}
\]
4. Matla a Lokolotsoeng:
– Matla a lokollotsoeng, ho latela equation ea Einstein \(E=mc^2\), a ka baloa ho tsoa phetohong ea boima:
\[
E = \Delta m \times 931.5 \, \text{MeV/u} = 0.2049221 \, \text{u} \times 931.5 \, \text{MeV/u} \approx 190.804 \, \text{MeV}
\]
Matla a lokolloang karabelong ea karohano ea uranium-235 ke hoo e ka bang 190.804 MeV.
Mohlala oa Potso ea 2
Potso: Reactor ea nyutlelie e ntša karolelano ea 200 MeV ea matla ka karabelo ea karohano. Haeba reactor e hlahisa 1 GW ea matla (1 gigawatt = $10^9$ W), ke likarabelo tse kae tsa karohano tse etsahalang ka motsotsoana?
Puisano:
1. Matla a Nts'oang ka Karabelo:
– Karabelo ka 'ngoe e hlahisa 200 MeV e lekanang le:
\[
1 \, \text{MeV} = 1.60218 \times 10^{-13} \, \text{J}, \quad \text{so, } 200 \, \text{MeV} = 200 \times 1.60218 \times 10^{-13} \, \text{J} = 3.20436 \times 10^{-11} \, \text{J}
\]
2. Matla a Reactor:
– Matla a hlahisoang ke 1 GW, kapa $10^9$ W, e leng se lekanang le $10^9$ J/s.
3. Palo ea Palo ea Likarabelo:
– Palo ea likarabelo ka motsotsoana e ka baloa ka ho arola matla ohle ka matla ka karabelo:
\[
\text{Palo ea likarabelo ka motsotsoana} = \frac{10^9 \, \text{J/s}}{3.20436 \times 10^{-11} \, \text{J/reaction}} = 3.12 \times 10^{19} \, \text{reactions/second}
\]
Ka hona, hoo e ka bang \(3.12 \makgetlo a 10^{19}\) dikarabelo tsa ho arohana di etsahala motsotsoana o mong le o mong ho hlahisa 1 GW ya matla.
Ho koala
Ka kutloisiso le lipalo, likarabelo tsa karohano ha se karolo ea bohlokoa feela thutong ea fisiks empa hape li na le lits'ebetso tsa bohlokoa lefatšeng la sebele. Theknoloji ea matla a nyutlelie e itšetlehile ka likarabelo tsa karohano, 'me tsoelo-pele e' ngoe le e 'ngoe theknolojing ena e ka tlisa melemo le likotsi tse kholo. Ka ho utloisisa likhopolo tsa motheo le ts'ebeliso ea tsona mathateng a kaholimo, re ka utloisisa hamolemo tšusumetso ea likarabelo tsa karohano bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi le bokhoni bo ka hlahlojoang haholoanyane.
