Mehlala ea Lipotso Tse Buisanang ka Polymerization ea Condensation
Ho kopanya polymerization le condensation ke mofuta oa karabelo ea polymerization e hlahisang li-polymer ka ho hokahanya li-monomer ka ho tlosa limolek'hule tse nyane, joalo ka metsi, methanol, kapa HCl. Ts'ebetso ena e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho qaptjoeng ha thepa e fapaneng ea polymer e sebelisoang bophelong ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Sehloohong sena, re tla hlahloba mehlala le ho buisana ka ho kopanya polymerization le condensation ho tebisa kutloisiso ea rona ea mohopolo ona.
Selelekela sa ho kopanya ha polymerization
Pele re teba lipotsong tsena, ha re shebeng haufi-ufi polymerization ea condensation. Polimerization ea condensation ke ts'ebetso ea ho thehoa ha polymer ka karabelo ea li-monomer tse peli kapa ho feta tse nang le lihlopha tse sebetsang, hangata ka ho tlosoa ha limolek'hule tse nyane joalo ka metsi e le sehlahisoa se seng. Polimer e hlahisoang e na le boima bo phahameng haholo ba limolek'hule ho feta li-monomer. Mehlala e tloaelehileng ea polymerization ea condensation ke ho thehoa ha li-polyester le li-polyamide.
Mehlala ea Li-polymer tse tsoang ho Condensation Polymerization
1. Polyester: E entsoe ka karabelo ea terephthalic acid (benzene-dicarboxylate) le ethylene glycol. Sehlahisoa sa mohlala: PET (polyethylene terephthalate).
2. Polyamide (Nylon): E entsoe ka karabelo ea adipic acid le hexamethylene diamine. Sehlahisoa sa mohlala: Nylon-66.
3. Polycarbonate: E thehiloe ka karabelo pakeng tsa bisphenol A le phosgene.
Mehlala ea Lipotso Tse Buisanang ka Polymerization ea Condensation
Ka tlase ke mehlala ea lipotso le lipuisano tse ka u thusang ho utloisisa ts'ebetso ea polymerization ea condensation.
Potso ea 1: Sebopeho sa Polyester
Potso: Hlalosa karabelo e etsang polyester ho tsoa ho ethylene glycol le terephthalic acid. Thala sebopeho sa polymer e hlahang ebe o bala boima ba limolek'hule ba karolo e nyane ka ho fetisisa ea polymer.
Puisano:
Polyester e thehoa ka karabelo ea condensation pakeng tsa ethylene glycol (CH₂OH-CH₂OH) le terephthalic acid (C₆H₄(COOH)₂).
Karabelo ena ea sebopeho e ka ngoloa ka tsela e latelang:
\[ n \, (\text{CH}_2\text{OH-CH}_2\text{OH}) + n \, (\text{C}_6\text{H}_4(\text{COOH})_2) \rightarrow (\text{O}-\text{C}_6\text{H}_4-\text{COO}-\text{CH}_2-\text{CH}_2-\text{O})_n + 2n\, \text{H}_2\text{O} \]
Sebopeho sa polyester ena se hlahisa metsi e le sehlahisoa se latelang. Ho fumana sebopeho sa motheo sa polyester, re hloka ho sheba karolo e pheta-phetoang ea ketane ea polymer:
Sebopeho sa motheo sa PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate):
\[
\text{-O-}\text{C}_6\text{H}_4\text{-COO-CH}_2\text{-CH}_2\text{-}
\]
Boima ba limolek'hule ba yuniti e nyane ka ho fetisisa ea polyester bo ka baloa ka tsela e latelang:
– Boima ba limolek'hule ba -CH₂-CH₂-O- (ethylene glycol ntle le H₂O): 60 g/mol
– Boima ba limolek'hule ba -COO- (sehlopha sa ester): 44 g/mol
– Boima ba limolek'hule ba C₆H₄ (benzene ntle le H₂O): 76 g/mol
Kakaretso ea boima ba limolek'hule tsa likarolo tse nyane ka ho fetisisa:
\[
60 + 44 + 76 = 180 \, \text{g/mol}
\]
Potso ea 2: Sebopeho sa Polyamide (Nylon-6,6)
Potso: Hlalosa mokhoa oa ho theha Nylon-6,6 ka karabelo ea condensation polymerization ea adipic acid le hexamethylene diamine. Kenya sebopeho sa yuniti ea motheo ea Nylon-6,6 'me u bale boima ba limolek'hule bo amanang le yuniti e nyane ka ho fetisisa.
Puisano:
Nylon-6,6 e thehoa ka lebaka la karabelo ea condensation pakeng tsa adipic acid (HOOC-(CH₂)₄-COOH) le hexamethylene diamine (H₂N-(CH₂)₆-NH₂).
Karabelo ea sebopeho ke:
\[ n \, (\ mongolo{HOOC-(CH}_2\mongolo{)}_4\mongolo{ -COOH}) + n \, (\mongolo{H}_2\mongolo{N-(CH}_2\mongolo{)}_6\mongolo{ -NH}_2) \ motsu (\mongolo{-NH-(CH}_2\mongolo{)}_6\mongolo{-NH-CO-(CH}_2\mongolo{)}_4\mongolo{-CO-})_n + 2n \, \mongolo{H}_2\mongolo{O} \]
Sebopeho sa motheo sa Nylon-6,6:
\[
\text{-NH-(CH}_2\text{)}_6\text{-NH-CO-(CH}_2\text{)}_4\text{-CO-}
\]
Boima ba limolek'hule bo amanang le yuniti e nyane ka ho fetisisa:
– Boima ba limolek'hule ba -NH-(CH₂)₆-NH- (hexamethylene diamine minus H₂O): 114 g/mol
– Boima ba limolek'hule ba -CO-(CH₂)₄-CO- (adipic acid ntle le H₂O): 142 g/mol
Kakaretso ea boima ba limolek'hule tsa likarolo tse nyane ka ho fetisisa:
\[
114 + 142 = 256 \, \text{g/mol}
\]
Potso ea 3: Polycarbonate
Potso: Karabelo ea bisphenol A le phosgene e theha polycarbonate joang? Thala sebopeho sa motheo sa polycarbonate 'me u bale boima ba limolek'hule bo amanang le yuniti e nyane ka ho fetisisa.
Puisano:
Polycarbonate e thehoa ka karabelo pakeng tsa bisphenol A (C₁₅H₁₆O₂) le phosgene (COCl₂).
Karabelo ea sebopeho e ka ngoloa ka tsela ena:
n + 2n \, \mongolo{HCl} \]
Sebopeho sa motheo sa Polycarbonate:
\[
\text{-O-CO-OC}_6\text{H}_4\text{C}(\text{CH}_3)_2\text{C}_6\text{H}_4\text{O}-
\]
Boima ba limolek'hule bo amanang le yuniti e nyane ka ho fetisisa:
– Boima ba limolek'hule ba C₆H₄-C(CH₃)₂-C₆H₄ (bisphenol A ntle le H₂O): 224 g/mol
– Boima ba limolek'hule ba -COO-: 28 g/mol
Kakaretso ea boima ba limolek'hule tsa likarolo tse nyane ka ho fetisisa:
\[
224 + 28 = 252 \, \text{g/mol}
\]
Qetello
Sehloohong sena, re buisane ka mohopolo oa condensation polymerization, o akaretsang liketso tsa motheo le meaho ea li-polymer tse ling tse tsebahalang tse hlahisoang ke ts'ebetso ena. Ka ho fana ka mehlala le lipuisano, sengoloa sena se ikemiselitse ho hlakisa hore na liketso tsena li sebetsa joang le hore na re ka bala boima ba limolek'hule tsa li-unit tse nyane ka ho fetisisa ketane ea polymer. Kutloisiso e ntle ea condensation polymerization ke ea bohlokoa hobane ts'ebetso ena e sebelisoa haholo indastering ho theha lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tse nang le thepa e ikhethang le mefuta e mengata ea lits'ebetso.
