Kamano pakeng tsa Thuto ea Lintho tsa Khale le Thuto ea Mahlale le Maemo a Naha
Pendahuluan
Thuto ea lintho tsa khale ke thuto ea litso tsa batho ba fetileng ka ho hlahloba lintho tsa khale, meaho, lintho tsa nalane, le tikoloho eo batho ba neng ba phela ho eona linakong tse fapaneng tsa nalane. Karolo ea bohlokoa ea ho utloisisa nalane ea setso sa batho ke ho utloisisa maemo ao lintho tsa khale li fumanoang ho 'ona. Ho fihlela sepheo sena, thuto ea lintho tsa khale hangata e sebelisa jeoloji le stratigraphy. Sengoloa sena se tla hlalosa kamano pakeng tsa thuto ea lintho tsa khale, jeoloji le stratigraphy, le hore na mahlale ana a mararo a sebelisana joang ho senola nako e fetileng ea batho.
Tlhaloso ea Thuto ea Lintho tsa Khale, Thuto ea Mahlale le Maemo a Naha
Thuto ea lintho tsa khale
Thuto ea lintho tsa khale ke thuto ea nako e fetileng ea batho ka ho hlahloba lintho tse bonahalang tse siiloeng ke litso tsa boholo-holo. Lintho tsena tse entsoeng ka matsoho li ka kenyelletsa lisebelisoa, meaho ea kaho, masala a lijo, masapo le lintho tse ling tse fapaneng tse fanang ka temohisiso bophelong ba batho ba nakong e fetileng.
Geoloji
Thuto ea jeoloji ke thuto ea Lefatše le lits'ebetso tse le bopang. E akaretsa thuto ea mafika, liminerale, sebopeho sa mobu, le ts'ebetso ea jeoloji joalo ka lithaba tse foqohang seretse se chesang, litšisinyeho tsa lefatše le khoholeho ea mobu. Moelelong oa thuto ea lintho tsa khale, thuto ea jeoloji e thusa baepolli ba lintho tsa khale ho utloisisa libaka tseo batho ba mehleng ea khale ba neng ba lula ho tsona le kamoo libaka tsena li fetohileng kateng ha nako e ntse e ea.
Moralo oa maemo
Stratigraphy ke lekala la jeoloji le ithutang dikarolo tsa lefatshe (strata) le kamoo dikarolo tsena di thehilweng le ho amana kateng. Stratigraphy ke motheo wa mekgwa e mengata ya ho fumana nako ya dintho tsa kgale, kaha e dumella bafuputsi ho fumana dilemo tse amanang tsa dintho tsa kgale le masalla a mang ho latela lera leo di fumanwang ho lona.
Tšebelisano ea Lintho tsa Khale le Thuto ea Mahlale
Lithuto tsa Tikoloho tse Fetileng
Thuto ea jeoloji e thusa thuto ea lintho tsa khale ka ho fana ka tsebo mabapi le libaka tse fetileng. Mohlala, ka ho utloisisa hore na libopeho tse itseng tsa jeoloji li thehiloe joang, litsebi tsa lintho tsa khale li ka haha setšoantšo sa maemo a tikoloho a ka bang teng ka nako eo. Bopaki ba jeoloji joalo ka likarolo tsa sedimentary, liminerale, le matšoao a ts'ebetso ea seretse se chesang bo ka fana ka leseli mabapi le boemo ba leholimo, limela le mehloli ea metsi e fumanehang. Tsebo ena e bohlokoa ho utloisiseng hore na batho ba mehleng ea khale ba ile ba ikamahanya joang le tikoloho ea bona le ho nts'etsapele setso le theknoloji ea bona.
Matsatsi le Kamano
Mekhoa ea ho bala nako ea jeoloji, joalo ka mekhoa ea radiometric, e sebelisoa ho fumana lilemo tsa thepa e itseng. Sena se kenyelletsa ho lekanya lilemo tsa mafika le lithako, tse ka fanang ka likhakanyo tsa lilemo tsa mekhahlelo e itseng ea mobu. Lintlha tsena, ha li kopantsoe le lintho tse fumanoeng ke baepolli ba lintho tsa khale, li thusa bafuputsi ho fumana lilemo tsa lintho tsa khale kapa libaka tsa baepolli ba lintho tsa khale. Mohlala, ho bala nako ha carbon-14 (C-14) lithakong tsa khale ka ho fetisisa tse tsejoang ho ka sebelisoa ho hlalosa lilemo tsa maemo a baepolli ba lintho tsa khale.
Mekhoa ea Jeoloji e Amang Sebaka
Thuto ea jeoloji e boetse e thusa baepolli ba lintho tsa khale ho tseba lits'ebetso tsa tlhaho tse ka 'nang tsa ama boemo ba libaka tsa lintho tsa khale. Mesebetsi ea jeoloji e kang khoholeho ea mobu, ho senngoa ha mobu, kapa ho sisinyeha ha lipoleiti tsa tectonic ho ka fetola boemo le boemo ba sebaka sa lintho tsa khale. Ka ho utloisisa lits'ebetso tsena, baepolli ba lintho tsa khale ba ka fumana ka nepo tšimoloho le moelelo oa lintho tsa khale tse sibolotsoeng.
Karolo ea Stratigraphy ho Archaeology
Molao-motheo oa Superposition
E 'ngoe ea likhopolo tsa motheo tsa stratigraphy ke molao-motheo oa superposition, o bolelang hore ka tatellano ea mekhahlelo e sa sitisoeng, mekhahlelo ea khale e ka tlas'a e menyenyane. Molao-motheo ona o lumella baepolli ba lintho tsa khale ho fumana tatellano e amanang ea liketsahalo kapa lintho tsa khale. Kahoo, ba ka theha tatellano e amanang ea sebaka sa baepolli ba lintho tsa khale.
Kamano ea Maemo a Lerala
Ho sebelisa maemo a lintho tsa khale ho boetse ho lumella likamano lipakeng tsa libaka tse fapaneng. Ka ho bapisa tatellano ea mekhahlelo ea mobu libakeng tse fapaneng, litsebi tsa lintho tsa khale li ka khetholla mekhahlelo eo mohlomong e leng ea nako e le 'ngoe. Sena se fana ka temohisiso ea bohlokoa mabapi le kabo ea libaka tsa litso le mahlale a itseng nakong e fetileng.
Mokhoa o Felletseng oa ho Intša le Batho ba Bang
Ntle le ho bala nako ka kamano, stratigraphy hangata e kopanngoa le mekhoa ea ho bala nako ka ho feletseng e kang ho bala nako ka radiocarbon, thermoluminescence, le dendrochronology. Mekhoa ena e lumella baepolli ba lintho tsa khale ho fumana lilemo tse felletseng tsa lintho tsa khale kapa mealo ea mobu e nang le tsona. Motsoako oa ho bala nako ka kamano le ho bala nako ka ho feletseng o lumella kaho ea tatellano ea liketsahalo e nepahetseng haholoanyane bakeng sa libaka tsa baepolli ba lintho tsa khale.
Moelelo oa Maemo a Naha
Moelelo oa stratigraphic o bohlokoa thutong ea lintho tsa khale hobane o fana ka tlhahisoleseling mabapi le mesebetsi ea batho ba nakong e fetileng. Ka ho utloisisa tatellano ea mekhahlelo ea mobu le boemo ba lintho tsa khale tse ka hare ho eona, litsebi tsa lintho tsa khale li ka kopanya pale ea kamoo sebaka se ileng sa sebelisoa kateng ha nako e ntse e ea. Mohlala, ba ka khetholla liphetoho tšebelisong ea mobu, kaho ea meaho e mecha, kapa timetso ea sebaka ka tlhahlobo ea mekhahlelo ea mobu.
Mohlala: Sebaka sa Göbekli Tepe
Mohlala o tiileng oa kamano e haufi pakeng tsa thuto ea lintho tsa khale, thuto ea jeoloji le stratigraphy ke lipatlisiso tse entsoeng Göbekli Tepe, sebaka sa lintho tsa khale se thehiloeng Turkey seo ho lumeloang hore ke se seng sa meaho ea khale ka ho fetisisa ea majoe e kileng ea sibolloa, se hahiloeng hoo e ka bang ka 9600 BC. Lipatlisiso sebakeng sena li kenyelletsa tšebelisano-'moho pakeng tsa litsebi tsa lintho tsa khale le litsebi tsa jeoloji ho utloisisa maemo a tikoloho ea sebaka seo le tatellano ea liketsahalo ka botlalo.
Patlisiso ea Geological ho Göbekli Tepe
Litsebi tsa jeoloji li ithutile moralo oa libaka tse potolohileng Göbekli Tepe ho fumana hore na tikoloho e fetohile joang ho theosa le lilemo tse likete. Li hlahlobile mekhahlelo ea mobu le seretse se potolohileng sebaka seo, 'me li ithutile liphello tsa phetoho ea maemo a leholimo limela le ho fumaneha ha metsi. Phuputso ena e fana ka temohisiso ea bohlokoa mabapi le kamoo liphetoho tsa tikoloho li ka 'nang tsa ama batho ba neng ba lula Göbekli Tepe kateng.
Ho intša le Moelelo oa Maemo a Naha
Sehlopha sa bafuputsi se sebelisitse mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho intša, ho kenyeletsoa le ho intša ka radiocarbon, ho fumana lilemo tse amanang le tse felletseng tsa mealo ea mobu Göbekli Tepe. Ho intša hona, ho kopantsoe le tlhahlobo ea stratigraphic, ho thusitse baepolli ba lintho tsa khale ho haha tatelano ea nako ea sebaka seo. Ba ile ba khona ho khetholla mekhahlelo ea kaho le ts'ebeliso ea sebaka seo, hammoho le liketsahalo tse kholo tse kang ho koaloa kapa ho senngoa ha meaho.
Qetello
Kamano pakeng tsa thuto ea lintho tsa khale, jeoloji le stratigraphy ke tšebelisano-'moho ea bohlokoa ho utloisiseng litso tsa batho ba nakong e fetileng. Jeoloji e fana ka moelelo oa tikoloho le lisebelisoa tsa ho intša nako ka ho khetheha, ha stratigraphy e fana ka moralo oa tatellano ea liketsahalo le mokhoa oa ho utloisisa tatellano ea liketsahalo. Motsoako oa mahlale ana a mararo o lumella lipatlisiso tse felletseng le tse nepahetseng tsa nalane ea batho, ho tloha linakong tsa pele ho histori ho isa linakong tsa morao tjena tsa nalane. Ka kopanyo ena ea tsebo, re fumana setšoantšo eseng feela sa lintho tsa khale tse entsoeng ka bomong empa hape le moelelo o pharaletseng oa bophelo ba batho ba nakong e fetileng le tsoelo-pele.
