Bonono ba pele ho nalane bophelong ba motho
Bonono ba pele ho nalane ke e 'ngoe ea mesaletsa ea pele ea kamoo batho ba neng ba utloisisa lefatše kateng, ba haha likamano tsa sechaba, 'me ba hlahisa liphihlelo tsa bona tsa ka hare. Nako e telele pele batho ba qapa mongolo, bonono bo ne bo le teng e le "puo" e kopanyang tsebo, litumelo le boitsebahatso ba sehlopha. Ka litšoantšo tsa mahaheng, litšoantšo tsa majoe kapa masapo, liemahale tse nyane, esita le lipaterone lisebelisoa tsa letsatsi le letsatsi, re ka bona hore batho ba pele ho nalane ba ne ba sa phele feela empa hape ba ne ba batla moelelo. Bonono bo ile ba fetoha karolo ea bophelo: bo ne bo sebelisoa ho buisana, ho tšoaea sebaka, ho ruta moloko o mocha, 'me mohlomong le bakeng sa merero ea moetlo le ea moea.
Ho boleloa'ng ka bonono ba pele ho histori?
Bonono ba pele ho nalane bo bolela mofuta ofe kapa ofe oa bonono bo bonoang bo entsoeng pele ho qaptjoa ha mongolo. Lithutong tsa nalane tsa lintho tsa khale le tsa bonono, lentsoe lena hangata le bolela mesebetsi e tsoang mehleng ea Paleolithic (Mehla ea Majoe ea Khale), Mesolithic, Neolithic, le linako tsa pele tsa lilemo tsa tšepe libakeng tse fapaneng tsa lefats'e. Mefuta ena e fapane: litšoantšo tsa mahaheng le litšoantšo tsa matsoho, litšoantšo tsa tšoantšetso tsa liphoofolo, batho, matšoao, mekhabiso ea jeometri, esita le liemahale tsa majoe tse kang menhirs le dolmens. Bonono ba pele ho nalane bo ke ke ba utloisisoa feela e le "mekhabiso," kaha mesebetsi e mengata e fumanoa maemong a bontšang mesebetsi ea sechaba le ea bolumeli.
Ntlha e le 'ngoe ea bohlokoa: bonono ba pele ho histori bo ne bo se teng ka thoko ho bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Bo ile ba hlaha hammoho le ho tsoma, ho bokella le ho falla, eaba boa ntlafala ha batho ba qala ho lula le ho nts'etsapele temo. Liphetoho tsena mokhoeng oa bophelo li boetse li fetotse lihlooho, mekhoa le merero ea bonono.
Mefuta e hlahelletseng ea bonono ba histori ea boholo-holo
1. Litšoantšo tsa mahaheng le litšoantšo tsa matsoho
Litšoantšo tsa mahaheng ke mofuta o tsebahalang haholo oa bonono ba mehleng ea khale. Tse ngata li fumanoe Europe (mohlala, Lascaux Fora le Altamira Spain), empa Asia le Indonesia le tsona li na le lefa le letle. Mahaheng, batho ba mehleng ea khale ba ne ba tšoantšetsa liphoofolo tse hlaha, liketsahalo tsa ho tsoma, matšoao le litšoantšo tsa matsoho tse entsoeng ka ho beha matsoho a bona maboteng ebe ba fafatsa 'mala ho potoloha. Litšoantšo tsa matsoho hangata li ne li hlalosoa e le pontšo ea boteng: "Ke ne ke le mona," kapa e le letšoao la boitsebahatso ba sehlopha.
Mokhoa oa bona o ne o bontša bohlale: mebala e tsoang ocher (lefatše le lefubelu), mashala, kapa liminerale tse itseng e ne e tsoakoa le mafura a liphoofolo kapa maro a mang hore a khomarele. Ba ile ba boela ba sebelisa sebopeho sa tlhaho sa lejoe ho fa 'mele oa phoofolo ponahalo ea mahlakore a mararo, joalokaha eka setšoantšo sea phela.
2. Bonono ba tšoantšetso bo nkehang habobebe
Ntle le mabota a mahaha, batho ba mehleng ea boholo-holo ba ile ba boela ba etsa mesebetsi e menyenyane ea bonono, e nkehang habobebe, joalo ka liemahale tse nyane tse entsoeng ka lejoe, lesapo, kapa lenaka la tlou, hammoho le litšoantšo tse betliloeng lithulusing. Mohlala o mong o tsebahalang ke setšoantšo sa "Venus" se tsoang Paleolithic Europe, setšoantšo se senyenyane se hatisang likarolo tse itseng tsa 'mele' me hangata se amahanngoa le matšoao a tsoalo. Ho sa tsotellehe ngangisano ea saense, litšoantšo tse joalo li bontša hore batho ba se ba ntse ba e-na le likhopolo tse sa utloahaleng ka 'mele, bophelo, mohlomong le tšepo ea ho ba le bana.
3. Mekhabiso holim'a lisebelisoa le lintho tsa letsatsi le letsatsi
Lisebelisoa tse ngata tsa majoe, masapo le lipitsa tsa letsopa li khabisitsoe ka mela, matheba, kapa mekhabiso e pheta-phetoang. Sena se bontša hore batho ha baa ka ba phehella mosebetsi feela empa hape ba phehella botle le boitsebahatso. Mekhoa ea mekhabiso e ka sebetsa e le "letšoao" la sehlopha, mofuta oa "setaele" se khethollang sechaba se seng ho se seng. Ha batho ba qala ho lema le ho lula fatše nakong ea Neolithic, mesebetsi ea matsoho ea lipitsa e ile ea hola ka potlako, 'me mekhabiso ea fetoha e rarahaneng haholoanyane.
4. Bonono ba Megalithic
Libakeng tse fapaneng, batho ba hahile mehaho kapa liemahale ka majoe a maholo: menhirs (majoe a emeng), dolmens (litafole tsa majoe), sarcophagi ea majoe, esita le mehaho ea majoe a chitja. Meaho ea megalithic hangata e amahanngoa le litumelo tsa baholo-holo, mabitla, kapa libaka tse halalelang tse tšoauoang. Kaho ea megalith e hloka tšebelisano-'moho ea batho ba bangata, e bonts'ang mokhatlo oa sechaba le boetapele ka har'a sechaba.
Mosebetsi oa bonono ba histori ea boholo-holo bophelong ba motho
1. Mecha ea puisano pele ho ngoloa
Ntle le ho ngola, matšoao a bonahalang a ile a fetoha mokhoa oa bohlokoa oa ho fetisa tlhahisoleseling. Litšoantšo tsa liphoofolo, litsela, kapa matšoao a itseng li ka sebetsa e le "litlaleho" tsa mefuta ea liphoofolo, linako tsa selemo, kapa libaka tsa bohlokoa. Leha re sa khone ho kholiseha ka seo li se bolelang kamehla, ho hlakile hore matšoao ana e ne e se feela mengolo e sa reroang. Bonono bo ile ba fetoha sesebelisoa sa puisano ho pholletsa le meloko ha tsebo e hloka ho fetisetsoa.
2. Thuto le koetliso
Baepolli ba lintho tsa khale ba bangata ba lumela hore litšoantšo tsa ho tsoma li ka 'na tsa amana le ho ithuta: mokhoa oa ho lemoha liphoofolo, ho utloisisa metsamao ea tsona, le ho nts'etsapele maano a ho tsoma. Bonono bo thusa batho ho nolofatsa linnete tse rarahaneng hore e be mefuta e ka ithutoang. Bana le bacha ba ka ithuta ka lipale, lipontšo le litšoantšo libakeng tse itseng tse nkoang li le bohlokoa.
3. Meetlo, bomoea le likamano le tlhaho
Bonono ba pele ho nalane hangata bo amahanngoa le meetlo. Litšoantšo tsa liphoofolo li ka 'na tsa se ke tsa bontša phofu feela, empa hape li sebetsa e le mokhoa oa tlhompho kapa boiteko ba ho "bitsa" lehlohonolo. Litsong tse ngata tsa setso, litšoantšo le matšoao ho lumeloa hore li na le matla a tšireletso, a pholiso, kapa a moea. Sebaka sa litšoantšo tse ling tsa mahaheng ka hare ho libaka tse lefifi le tse thata ho li fihlela, se matlafatsa monyetla oa mesebetsi ea moetlo kapa mekete e khethehileng.
4. Boitsebiso ba sehlopha le bonngoe ba sechaba
Bonono bo boetse bo sebetsa e le letshwao la boitsebahatso. Mekgwa e itseng e ka bontsha "hore re bo-mang" le "moo re tswang teng." Mokgwa wa ho etsa bonono—ho bokella thepa, ho lokisa mebala, ho sebetsa mmoho sebakeng se itseng—o haha maikutlo a setjhaba. Ha setjhaba se seholo se sebetsa ho haha megalith, mohlala, bonono bo sebetsa e le projeke e kopaneng e matlafatsang meaho ya kahisano le ditumelo tse arolelanwang.
5. Pontšo ea maikutlo le liphihlelo tsa batho
Ntle le mesebetsi ea eona e sebetsang le ea moetlo, bonono ba pele ho histori bo ka 'na ba sebetsa e le mocha oa maikutlo: tšabo ea liphoofolo tse kholo, tšabo, tšepo, masoabi, kapa boikhohomoso. Ha batho ba ne ba taka, ha e le hantle ba ne ba "sebelisa liphihlelo" ho ba libopeho tse ka bonoang le ho hopoloa. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore litlhoko tsa botle le tlhoko ea moelelo li bile teng ho tloha qalong ea nalane ea batho.
Bonono ba pele ho nalane sehlopheng sa lihlekehleke: mesaletsa ea bohlokoa
Indonesia e ithorisa ka lefa le ikhethang la bonono ba nalane ea boholo-holo, haholo-holo litšoantšong tsa mahaheng tse fumanoang libakeng tse kang Sulawesi, Kalimantan, Papua le Nusa Tenggara. Litšoantšo tsa matsoho le litšoantšo tsa liphoofolo li fumanoa khafetsa, ho bontša hore meetlo ena e ne e le matla le Asia Boroa-bochabela. Boteng ba bonono ba nalane ea boholo-holo sehlopheng sena sa lihlekehleke bo bohlokoa hobane bo re thusa ho bona hore boqapi ba batho bo atlehile libakeng tse ngata tsa tsoelo-pele, eseng Europe feela. Bonono ba nalane ea boholo-holo ba Indonesia bo boetse bo matlafatsa kutloisiso ea hore sehlopha sena sa lihlekehleke esale e le sebaka sa liboka bakeng sa batho, tlhaho le setso.
Ke hobane'ng ha bonono ba histori bo ntse bo le bohlokoa?
Ho ithuta bonono ba pele ho histori ha se feela taba ea ho sheba nakong e fetileng, empa hape le ho utloisisa metso ea botho. Ho tsoa mesebetsing ena, re ithuta hore batho ba 'nile ba e-ba le bokhoni ba tšoantšetso ka nako e telele: ho nahana, ho nolofatsa 'nete, le ho e fa moelelo. Bonono ba pele ho histori bo boetse bo re ruta hore setso ke karolo ea bohlokoa ea ho phela. Batho ba ile ba pholoha eseng feela ka lisebelisoa le maano, empa hape le ka lipale, matšoao le litumelo tse hahang tšepo.
Mehleng ea kajeno, bonono hangata bo nkoa e le ntho e arohaneng le litlhoko tsa motheo. Empa bonono ba pele ho histori bo bontša se fapaneng: bonono ke karolo ea kamoo batho ba sebetsanang le ho se tsitse, ba bolokang mohopolo o kopaneng, 'me ba haha boitsebahatso. Bo sebetsa e le borokho pakeng tsa se bonahalang le se bonahalang, pakeng tsa phihlelo ea letsatsi le letsatsi le lipotso tse kholoanyane tsa bophelo.
Ho koala
Bonono ba pele ho nalane bophelong ba motho ke bopaki ba hore boqapi le ho batla moelelo li tsamaile le batho ka lilemo tse likete. Litšoantšo tsa mahaheng, liemahale tse nyane, mekhabiso ea lisebelisoa le liemahale tsa majoe ha se feela mesaletsa ea lintho tsa khale, empa hape ke lipontšo tsa kamoo batho ba neng ba talima tlhaho kateng, ba theha lichaba, 'me ba atamela lintho tse nkoang li halalela. Ka ho ithuta tsona, ha re ithute feela ka nalane ea bonono empa hape re ithuta ka rona re nahana, re ikutloa, 'me re lula re loanela ho fa lefatše moelelo.
