Tlhahlobo ea Ecofact ho Archaeology
Thutong ea lintho tsa khale, boiteko ba ho utloisisa bophelo ba motho ba nakong e fetileng ha bo itšetlehe feela ka ho sibolloa ha lintho tsa maiketsetso tse kang lisebelisoa tsa majoe, lipitsa tsa letsopa, kapa mehaho. Sehlopha se seng sa bohlokoa ka ho lekana sa data ke masalla a tlhaho a teng maemong a lintho tsa khale a ka bonesang likamano tsa batho le tikoloho ea bona. Lintlha tsena li tsejoa e le lintho tsa tlhaho. Tlhahlobo ea lintho tsa khale e thusa baepolli ba lintho tsa khale ho haha bocha lijo, maano a ho iphelisa, phetoho ea boemo ba leholimo ba lehae, tsamaiso ea lisebelisoa, esita le matla a bolulo. Ka lintho tsa khale, nako e fetileng ha e senoloe feela ho seo batho ba se entseng, empa hape le ho seo ba se jeleng, ba se hōlisitseng, ba se lemileng, ba se chesitseng, ba se lahlileng le seo ba se kopaneng le sona libakeng tsa bona tsa letsatsi le letsatsi.
Ho Utloisisa Lintho Tse Tikolohang le Phapang ea Tsona ho Lintho Tse Entsoeng ka Matsoho
Ka kakaretso, lintho tse phelang tikolohong ke masalla a lintho tse phelang kapa lintho tsa tlhaho (mohlala, masapo a liphoofolo, peo, peo e phofshoana, mashala, likhetla tsa mollusk, lithōle tse itseng) tse fumanoang libakeng tsa baepolli ba lintho tsa khale, 'me li amana le tlhaloso ea mesebetsi ea batho. Lintho tse phelang tikolohong li fapane le lintho tse entsoeng ka matsoho ka hore lintho tse entsoeng ka matsoho ke lintho tse entsoeng ka ho hlaka kapa tse fetotsoeng ke batho. Masapo a liphoofolo a bontšang matšoao a ho bolaea a ka 'na a oela sebakeng se seputsoa: lesapo ka bolona ke ntho e phelang tikolohong, empa matšoao a ho bolaea a fana ka pontšo e tobileng ea ho kenella ha motho. Le hoja litšobotsi (mohlala, likoti, liforo, liforo) e le meaho e ke keng ea tlosoa ntle le ho e fetola, lintho tse phelang tikolohong hangata li ka tlosoa le ho hlahlojoa laboratoring.
Phapang ena e bohlokoa hobane e ama mekhoa ea ho nka sampole, mekhoa ea paballo, le mekhoa ea tlhahlobo. Lintho tse phelang tikolohong li atisa ho ba bonolo, li silafala habonolo, 'me li itšetlehile haholo ka maemo a paballo. Ka hona, baepolli ba lintho tsa khale ba mehleng ea kajeno hangata ba rera maano a ho epolla le ho nka sampole nako e telele esale pele ho netefatsa hore data ea lintho tse phelang tikolohong ha e lahlehe.
Mefuta e Tloaelehileng ea Lintho tse Tikolohang Tse Hlahlobiloeng
Li-ecofact li akaretsa mefuta e fapaneng ea lihlopha, tseo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea tsona e fanang ka tlhaiso-leseling e itseng:
1. Masalla a liphoofolo (masapo, meno, manaka, makgapetla a litlhapi)
Lintlha tsa liphoofolo tse phelang li thusa ho senola mefuta ea liphoofolo tse tsongoang kapa tse bolokiloeng, mekhoa ea ho hlaba, likhetho tsa ho ja le linako tsa mosebetsi. Tlhahlobo ena hangata e bitsoa zooarchaeology.
2. Masalla a limela (peo, litholoana, patsi, likhoele tsa limela, limela tsa phytolith)
Masalla a dimela a ka bontsha temo, ho lokisa dijo, tshebediso ya patsi, esita le dimela tsa meriana. Lekala lena la thuto le kenyeletsa archaeobotany.
3. Peo e phofshoana le di-spores
Peo e phofshoana e thusa haholo bakeng sa ho tsosolosa dimela tsa kgale le diphetoho tsa tikoloho. Tlhahlobo ya peo e phofshoana ke karolo ya thuto ya palynology.
4. Mashala le masalla a tukang
Mashala a ka sebediswa ho fumana mofuta wa patsi, mesebetsi ya ho pheha kapa ya tlhahiso (mohlala, ho besa ka letsopa), mme hape a bohlokwa haholo bakeng sa ho lekanya nako ya radiocarbon.
5. Likhetla tsa mollusk le liphoofolo tse nyenyane
Likhetla li ka senola maano a ho sebelisa lintho tse kotsi lebopong la leoatle, libaka tsa metsing, le mekhoa ea ho sebelisa protheine. Liphoofolo tse nyenyane (mohlala, litoeba kapa likhofu tse nyane) ka linako tse ling e ka ba matšoao a phetoho ea libaka tsa bolulo.
6. Marotholi, mobu le masalla a lintho tse phelang
Leha di ka bonahala di "tloaelehile," dithako ke polokelo ya tikoloho. Ka tlhahlobo ya dikhemikhale le ya micromorphological, dithako di ka senola mesebetsi ya lapeng, masaka a mehlape, dibaka tsa matlakala, esita le dikgohola kapa mello.
Morero oa Tlhahlobo ea Ecofact: Litsebi tsa Lintho tsa Khale li Batla ho Tseba Eng?
Tlhahlobo ea tikoloho e shebane le lipotso tse kholo mabapi le bophelo ba motho ba nakong e fetileng, ho kenyeletsoa:
– Mekhoa ea lijo le mokhoa oa ho ja: Lijo tsa bohlokoa ke life? Nama, tlhapi, kapa limela tse lengoang li bohlokoa hakae?
– Boipheliso le moruo: Ho tsoma le ho bokella, temo, ho rua liphoofolo, kapa ho kopanya? Matla a tlhahiso ea lijo ke afe?
– Sehla le ho falla: Na sebaka seo se ne se nkiloe ka ho sa feleng kapa ka sehla? Ke bopaki bofe bo tšehetsang see?
– Tikoloho le boemo ba leholimo ba lehae: Ke limela life tse atileng haholo? Na ho na le ho oma, ho phodisa, kapa liphetoho tsa mobu?
– Likamano tsa batho le tikoloho: Na ho na le ho rengoa ha meru, ho nosetsa, ho jala materase, kapa tšebeliso e feteletseng ea mehloli?
– Moetlo le tšoantšetso: Lintho tse ling tse amanang le tikoloho (mohlala, liphoofolo tse itseng) li ka ’na tsa amana le mekhoa ea meetlo kapa boitsebiso ba sechaba.
Ka mantsoe a mang, lintho tse phelang tikolohong li fana ka tsela ea ho bala "mesaletsa e sa tobang" ea mesebetsi ea batho e sa bonahaleng kamehla linthong tsa khale.
Mekhoa ea ho Etsa Sampole ea Tšimo le ea Litokomane
Boleng ba tlhahlobo ea tikoloho bo khethoa nakong ea ts'ebetso ea ho epolla. Mekhoa e meng ea bohlokoa e kenyelletsa:
– Ho phaphamala: Mokhoa oa ho arola masalla a limela tse nyane (peo, mashala a manyane) mobung o sebelisang metsi e le hore lintho tse phelang li phaphamale. Sena ke sa bohlokoa bakeng sa archaeobotany.
– Ho sefa: Ho sefa mobu o nang le letlooeng le itseng ho tshwara masapo a manyane, peo, kapa dikarolwana tsa khetla.
– Ho nka disampole ho laolwang: Ho nka disampole tse hlophisehileng tsa seretse ka lera (stratigraphy), lebokose la ho epolla, kapa tšobotsi e itseng.
– Thibelo ea tšilafalo: Liatlana, lijana tse se nang likokoana-hloko, le mabitso a hlakileng lia hlokahala haholo-holo bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea limolek'hule (DNA ea boholo-holo, liprotheine) le masala a lintho tse phelang.
Ho ngola moelelo (sebaka, botebo, kamano le likarolo/lintho tsa khale) ke ntho ea bohlokoa. Lintho tsa tlhaho tse se nang moelelo hangata li lahleheloa ke boleng ba tlhaloso hobane li ke ke tsa hokahanngoa le liketsahalo kapa mesebetsi e itseng.
Mekhoa ea Tlhahlobo ea Laboratori
Ka laboratoring, lintho tse phelang tikolohong li hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa mekhoa e fapaneng, ho tloha ho sebopeho sa 'mele ho ea ho k'hemistri:
1. Boitsebiso ba taxonomic
Masapo a khetholloa ho latela mofuta kapa boemo ba mofuta neng kapa neng ha ho khoneha, ho sebelisoa lipokello tsa papiso. Ho tšoana le ho peo, patsi kapa likhetla.
2. Tlhahlobo ea thaponomi
Taphonomy e ithuta lits'ebetso tse amang masalla a lintho tse phelang ho tloha nakong eo li shoang ka eona ho fihlela li fumanoa: matheba a sehiloeng, ho cha, ho longoa ke liphoofolo tse jang tse ling, ho putlama ha tsona, kapa ho bola ha tsona. Taphonomy e thusa ho khetholla mesebetsi ea batho ho tsoa lits'ebetsong tsa tlhaho.
3. Tlhahlobo ea bongata
Ka mohlala, thutong ea lintho tsa khale tsa liphoofolo, litekanyo tse kang NISP (Palo ea Li-specimens tse Identified) kapa MNI (Palo e Nyane ea Batho ka Bong) li sebelisoa ho hakanya sebopeho sa liphoofolo. Thutong ea lintho tsa khale, ho baloa makhetlo a mefuta ea limela kapa bongata ba peo ka bongata ba seretse.
4. Tlhahlobo ea isotope e tsitsitseng
Li-isotope tsa khabone le naetrojene masapong li ka fana ka lintlha tsa lijo (mohlala, puso ea mehloli ea leoatle khahlanong le ea lefatše, kapa limela tsa C3 khahlanong le C4). Li-isotope tsa oksijene li ka amana le maemo a metsi le a leholimo.
5. Tlhahlobo ea masalla le ea limolek'hule
Masalla a mafura holim'a letsopa (a amanang le lintho tse phelang tikolohong e le mesaletsa ea tšebeliso), DNA ea boholo-holo, kapa liprotheine li ka khetholla mefuta le mekhoa ea ho sebetsana le lijo e sa bonahaleng.
6. Ho intša le batho ba bang
Mashala, masapo, kapa masalla a mang a tlhaho a ka sebediswa bakeng sa ho lekanya nako ya radiocarbon, ha feela a fihlela ditlhoko tsa paballo mme a sa silafatswa.
Polokeho ea Ecofact le Leeme la Lintlha
Hase lintho tsohle tse phelang tikolohong tse nang le monyetla o lekanang oa ho bolokoa. Libaka tse nang le asiti li ka qhala masapo le likhetla, ha maemo a omileng kapa a sa pheleng hantle (mohlala, mekhoabo) a ka boloka lintho tse phelang. Ka lebaka leo, lintlha tsa lintho tse phelang tikolohong hangata li na le leeme la paballo. Baepolli ba lintho tsa khale ba tlameha ho toloka liphetho ka hloko: ho ba sieo ha masapo a litlhapi, mohlala, ha ho bolele hore sechaba ha sea ka sa ja tlhapi—masapo a ka ’na a bolokoa hampe kapa a sa nkoa hantle.
Leeme le ka boela la hlaha ka lebaka la maano a ho epolla a sa thata hakaalo, boholo bo boholo ba sefe, kapa ho hlopha ho sa tsitsang. Ka hona, maemo a mokhoa le a tlaleho a bohlokoa bakeng sa ho bapisa liphetho tsa lipatlisiso libakeng tse fapaneng.
Tlatsetso ea Ecofacts ho Tsosolosoeng ha Bophelo bo Fetileng
Tlhahlobo ea tikoloho e lumella ho etsoa bocha ha lintho tse phelang le tse felletseng. Ho tsoa masalleng a limela, litsebi tsa lintho tsa khale li ka latela ho rua liphoofolo, mefuta ea lijalo le litsamaiso tsa temo. Ho tsoa liphoofolong, li ka lemoha phetoho ho tloha ho tsomeng ho ea temong ea liphoofolo, kapa liphetoho tšebelisong ka lebaka la khoebo le boemo ba sechaba. Peō e phofshoana le mashala li senola liphetoho tsa naha: ho rema meru, ho matlafatsa mobu le ho senyeha ha tikoloho.
Ho feta moo, lintho tsa tlhaho li hokahanya lintho tsa khale le litaba tsa sejoale-joale tse kang polokeho ea lijo, ho ikamahanya le phetoho ea tlelaemete, le tsamaiso ea lisebelisoa. Mehato ea tikoloho e fetileng e ka fana ka lithuto mabapi le botsitso: ha sechaba se ikamahanya le maemo ka katleho, le ha likhatello tsa tikoloho li baka phetoho ea sechaba.
Ho koala
Dintho tsa tlhaho ke e 'ngoe ea mehloli e ruileng ka ho fetisisa ea data thutong ea lintho tsa khale, e tlalehang kamano e haufi-ufi pakeng tsa batho le lefats'e la tlhaho. Ka mekhoa e hlokolosi ea ho nka sampole, tlhahlobo e nepahetseng ea laboratori, le tlhaloso e nang le leeme la paballo, lintho tsa tlhaho li ka senola mekhoa ea lijo, tikoloho, mahlale a ho iphelisa, le matla a moruo a sechaba ao e seng kamehla a bonahalang habonolo ho tsoa linthong tsa khale feela. Kahoo, tlhahlobo ea lintho tsa tlhaho ha se tlatsetso feela empa ke motheo oa bohlokoa bakeng sa kutloisiso e felletseng ea nako e fetileng - nako e fetileng ha bophelo bo ntse bo tsoela pele har'a libaka tse fetohang, maemo a leholimo le mehloli.
