Thuto ea lintho tsa khale le saense ea lijo tsa boholo-holo
Tsoelo-pele ea batho e fetohile ka lilemo tse likete, 'me lintho tseo re li finyeletseng masimong a kang theknoloji, bonono le saense hangata li bonahatsa lintho tse ncha le liphetoho tse ikhethang tse etsahetseng nakong e fetileng. Sehlooho se seng se khahlang le se atisang ho hlokomolohuoa thutong ea nalane ea tsoelo-pele ea batho ke lijo le mekhoa ea ho pheha mehleng ea boholo-holo. Thuto ea lintho tsa khale e bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho senoleng kamoo baholo-holo ba rona ba neng ba hlahisa, ba sebetsana le lijo le ho li ja kateng, e leng se fanang ka temohisiso ea bohlokoa maphelong a bona a letsatsi le letsatsi, moruo le litso.
Bohlokoa ba Lithuto tsa Lijo ho Archaeology
Thuto ea lijo tsa boholo-holo ke boiteko bo pharaletseng bo kenyeletsang mefuta e fapaneng ea lithuto, ho tloha ho archaeobotany le zooarchaeology ho ea ho k'hemistri le liphatsa tsa lefutso. Lijo ha se tlhoko ea 'mele feela; hape ke sehlahisoa sa setso, se susumetsoang ke tikoloho, boiphihlelo ba tekheniki, litumelo tsa bolumeli le likamano tsa sechaba. Ka ho utloisisa lijo tsa boholo-holo, re ka utloisisa hamolemo matla a bophelo lichabeng tse fetileng.
Diphuputso mabapi le dijo tsa boholo-holo di re thusa ho utlwisisa mekgwa ya ho falla, kamoo dimela le diphoofolo di ileng tsa hlahiswa dibakeng tse fapaneng, le tshusumetso ya phetoho ya tlelaemete le maemo a dipolotiki hodima tshireletso ya dijo. Mohlala, ho hlahloba dijo dibakeng tsa kgale ho dumella borasaense ho hlwaya mesaletsa ya temo ya pele le ho bona kamoo mekgwa ena e namelang kateng ho tloha setjhabeng se seng ho ya ho se seng.
Mekhoa le Mekhoa Lithutong tsa Lijo tsa Boholo-holo
1. Tlhahlobo ea Masalla a Lintho Tse Phelang
Tlhahlobo ea masalla a lintho tse phelang ke mokhoa oa ho khetholla masalla a limolek'hule a lintho tse phelang tse tšoasitsoeng lijaneng tsa khale tsa ho pheha, joalo ka letsopa. Ka ho sebelisa mekhoa e kang gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), bo-rasaense ba ka khetholla metsoako e neng e phehiloe kapa e bolokiloe ka har'a lijana tsena. Mohlala, libakeng tse ling tsa Neolithic, masalla a quinoa le lijo-thollo tse ling a 'nile a fumanoa, e leng se bontšang bopaki ba pele ba temo.
2. Archaeobotany
Archaeobotany ke thuto ea limela tse fumanoang libakeng tsa khale. Lithollo, peo, peo e phofshoana, le mesaletsa e meng ea limela li ka fana ka leseli mabapi le seo batho ba boholo-holo ba neng ba se lema le seo ba neng ba se ja. Mekhoa ea ho phaphamala hangata e sebelisoa ho arola li-microfossils tsena mobung. Ka tlhahlobo ea archaeobotanical, re ithutile ka monehelo oa bohlokoa oa lijo-thollo tse kang koro, harese le nyalothe lijong tsa boholo-holo.
3. Thuto ea lintho tsa khale tsa liphoofolo
Thuto ea lintho tsa khale ea liphoofolo e kenyelletsa thuto ea masalla a liphoofolo libakeng tsa lintho tsa khale. Masapo, meno le masalla a mang a hlahlojoa ho utloisisa kamano pakeng tsa batho le liphoofolo. Sena se kenyelletsa ho rua liphoofolo lapeng, mekhoa ea ho tsoma, le ho jeoa ha nama, lebese le lihlahisoa tse ling tsa liphoofolo. Ho sibolloa ha masalla a masapo a ntja ho tloha mehleng ea Paleolithic ho tšehetsa khopolo-taba ea hore lintja li ne li rua liphoofolo lapeng ho thusa ho tsoma le ho lebela.
4. Tlhahlobo e Tsitsitseng ea Isotope
Tlhahlobo e tsitsitseng ea isotope e thusa ho utloisisa mekhoa ea lijo ea batho ba boholo-holo le liphoofolo. Li-isotope tsa khabone le naetrojene masapong le menong li ka fana ka tlhahisoleseling mabapi le mefuta ea lijo tseo motho a li jang bophelong bohle ba hae. Mohlala, liphetoho tsa likarolelano tsa isotope ea naetrojene li ka bontša phetoho ho tloha lijong tse thehiloeng limela ho ea lijong tsa leoatleng, kapa ka tsela e fapaneng.
5. Lithuto tsa Archaeogenetic
Thuto ea lintho tsa khale e kenyelletsa ho sekaseka DNA ea boholo-holo ho tsoa mesaletseng ea limela le liphoofolo e fumanoeng libakeng tsa lintho tsa khale. Sena se ka senola tlhahisoleseling mabapi le mefuta ea lijalo tse lengoang le mefuta ea liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng. Ka thuto ea lintho tsa khale, bo-rasaense ba sibolotse mesaletsa ea mefuta ea morara e neng e sebelisoa ho etsa veine Roma ea boholo-holo le mefuta ea koro e fetotsoeng liphatsa tsa lefutso nakong e fetileng.
Liphihlelo tsa Bohlokoa tse tsoang Lithutong tsa Lijo tsa Boholo-holo
Egepeta ea boholo-holo
Egepeta ea boholo-holo e tsebahala ka litlaleho tsa eona tse ruileng tsa nalane, ho kenyeletsoa le mengolo e qaqileng le litšoantšo tse bontšang likarolo tse fapaneng tsa bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi. Ho tsoa ho Ebers Papyrus le mongolo oa Maksmar, re ithuta ka bohlokoa ba lijo tse kang koro, harese, le meroho le litholoana tse fapaneng. Borotho le biri e ne e le lijo tse peli tsa bohlokoa Egepeta ea boholo-holo, 'me baahi ba moo ba ne ba hlahisa mefuta e fapaneng ea bohobe ba sebelisa mekhoa e rarahaneng ea ho belisa.
Chaena ea boholo-holo
Chaena, bopaki ba lintho tsa khale bo bontša hore raese le nyalothe e ne e le lijalo tse ka sehloohong tse lengoang le ho jeoa. Lintho tse sibolotsoeng libakeng tsa Hemudu le Pengtoushan li bontša bopaki ba temo ea raese ea pele haholo, tse ling li qalile lilemong tse fetang 7000. Ho feta moo, masalla a lehlaka le patsi a senola tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa kichine tse tsoetseng pele haholo le mekhoa ea ho pheha.
Sebaka sa Pompeii
Ho epolloa ha lintho tsa khale Pompeii, e leng motse oa Roma o ileng oa senngoa ke ho phatloha ha Thaba ea Vesuvius ka 79 AD, ho fane ka temohisiso e ikhethang mabapi le lijo tsa Baroma. Har'a lintho tsa bohlokoa tse fumanoeng ke lijana tse nang le tlhapi e belisitsoeng, oli ea mohloaare, veine le linoko. Litšoantšo tse betliloeng maboteng a matlo le tsona li bontša lijo tse fapaneng le mekete, li fana ka temohisiso mabapi le lintho tseo Baroma ba li ratang tsa ho pheha.
Mesoamerika
Mesoamerica, peo ea cacao e fumanoeng libakeng tsa Olmec le Mayan e bontša hore tsokolate e bile karolo ea bohlokoa ea setso sa bona ka lilemo tse likete. Tlhahlobo ea masala e bontša hore cacao e qalile ho sebelisoa ka mokhoa oa metsi, hangata e tsoakoa le linoko tse kang chili le vanilla. Poone e ne e boetse e le sejalo sa bohlokoa sa mantlha, 'me meetlo e mengata ea bolumeli le bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi li ne li shebane le tšebeliso le tlhahiso ea eona.
Lijo e le Letšoao la Sechaba le Setso
Hangata lijo ha se feela tšebeliso; e ka ba letšoao la boemo ba sechaba, boitsebahatso ba setso le bomoea. Litsong tse ngata tsa boholo-holo, mekete ea lijo le mekete ea lijo e ne e bonahatsa maemo a sechaba le a lipolotiki. Ka mohlala, Egepeta ea boholo-holo, mofuta oa lijo le lino tse neng li sebeletsoa lebitleng o ne o bonahatsa boemo ba sechaba ba mofu. Chaena, mekete ea ntlo ea borena le mekete e ne e senola taolo e rarahaneng ea sechaba le ea lipolotiki.
Boteng ba melao-motheo ea ho itima lijo litsong tse ngata tsa boholo-holo bo bontša litumelo tsa bolumeli le maikutlo a itseng a lefats'e. Mohlala, Bohindu ba boholo-holo bo ne bo e-na le thibelo khahlanong le ho ja nama ea khomo, e ntseng e tsoela pele ho fihlela kajeno, ha litso tse ngata tsa boholo-holo tsa Bochabela bo Hare li ne li thibela lijo tse itseng tse thehiloeng melaong ea boitšoaro le ea bolumeli.
Qetello: Thuto ea Lintho tsa Khale le Bokamoso ba Lithuto tsa Lijo tsa Boholo-holo
Thuto ea lintho tsa khale tsa khale tsa lijo ke tšimo e ruileng le e tšepisang, e fanang ka maikutlo a bohlokoa mabapi le kamoo batho ba ileng ba iphetola le ho ntlafala ka tsela e fetang ea tlhaho le ka setso. Ka tšibollo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e ncha, re atamela ho utloisisa mekhoa ea bophelo, boqapi ba tekheniki le likamano tsa sechaba tsa baholo-holo ba rona.
Ho ithuta lijo tsa boholo-holo ha ho re thuse feela ho bona nako e fetileng ka ho hlaka haholoanyane empa hape ho fana ka lithuto tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa bokamoso, haholo-holo mabapi le polokeho ea lijo le botsitso. Mekhoa ea khale ea temo le mekhoa ea setso ea ho pheha e ka susumetsa mekhoa ea sejoale-joale ea ho sebetsana le liphephetso tsa lefats'e tsa kajeno.
Ka tšebelisano-'moho pakeng tsa thuto ea lintho tsa khale le mahlale a mang, re ka tsoela pele ho hlahloba lefa la lijo tsa tsoelo-pele ea nakong e fetileng, re kopanya tsebo e ntlafatsang kutloisiso ea rona ea mefuta-futa le boqapi ba lijo lefatšeng ka bophara.
