Aasaaska Nidaamyada Shidista Gawaarida
Nidaamka dab-shidku waa mid ka mid ah nidaamyada ugu muhiimsan ee baabuurta matoorada ku shaqeeya gaaska (matoorada Otto). Shaqadiisa ugu weyni waa inuu soo saaro dab-shid waqtiga saxda ah si uu u shido isku-darka hawada-shidaalka ee qolka gubashada. Haddii aanu jirin nidaam dab-shid oo si habboon u shaqeynaya, matoorku way adkaan doontaa in la bilaabo, korontada ayaa yaraan doonta, isticmaalka shidaalku wuxuu noqon doonaa mid khasaare badan, qiiqa qiiqa ayaa kordhi doona. Maqaalkani wuxuu ka hadlayaa aasaaska nidaamyada dab-shidka baabuurta, oo ay ku jiraan shaqadooda, qaybaha ugu muhiimsan, mabaadi'da hawlgalka, noocyada, iyo calaamadaha caadiga ah ee fashilka.
1. Shaqada Nidaamka Shidista
Guud ahaan, nidaamka dab-shidku wuxuu leeyahay dhowr shaqo oo muhiim ah:
1. Kordhi danabka korontada ee ka imanaya isha korontada ee gaadhiga (batariga 12 volt ama birlabta) una kordhi danab sare (tobanaan kun oo volt) si uu uga boodo farqiga elektroodka dabka.
2. Hagaaji wakhtiga shidista si uu shidista u soo baxo wakhtiga ugu waxtarka badan, guud ahaan dhammaadka garaaca cadaadiska.
3. Wuxuu danab sare u qaybiyaa dab-shid kasta iyadoo loo eegayo sida uu u kala horreeyo dab-shidka dhululubo kasta (matoorada dhululubo badan leh).
4. Waxay hubisaa gubasho deggan xaalado kala duwan, sida dib-u-soo-celin hoose/sare, culaysyo fudud/culus, heerkulka matoorka, iyo isbeddellada tayada shidaalka.
Nidaamka dab-shidka wanaagsan wuxuu keenaa gubasho kaamil ah, matoor jawaab celin badan leh, hufnaan kordhaysa, iyo qiiqa oo yaraada.
2. Mabaadi'da Aasaasiga ah ee Hawlgalka Nidaamka Shidista
Matoorka shidaalka, isku darka hawada iyo shidaalka waxaa cadaadiya piston-ka. Marka cadaadiska iyo heerkulka isku darku kordhaan, waxaa loo baahan yahay ilo tamar si loo bilaabo gubasho. Halkan waa meesha uu ka shaqeeyo qalabka dab-shidka, kaasoo soo saaraya dab-shid. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, abuurista dab-shid awood leh waxay u baahan tahay danab sare.
Mabda'an beddelka danabka guud ahaan wuxuu isticmaalaa gariirad dab-shid ah, oo u shaqeysa sida transformer: danabka hooseeya ee gariiradda koowaad waxaa loo beddelaa danab sare oo ku jira gariiradda labaad. Danabkan sare ayaa markaa loo gudbiyaa qalabka dabka dhaliya, wuxuu boodaa farqiga elektroodka, wuxuuna shidaa isku darka shidaalka.
Furaha lagu guuleysto dab-shidku wuxuu ku jiraa laba shay:
– Tamar ku filan oo dhimbiil ah (danabka saxda ah iyo hadda).
- Waqtiga shidku waa sax iyadoo loo eegayo xaaladaha matoorka.
3. Qaybaha ugu Muhiimsan ee Nidaamka Shidaalka
Inkasta oo naqshaduhu ay kala duwan yihiin, haddana qaybaha nidaamka dab-shidka gaaska waxaa asal ahaan ka mid ah:
a. Isha Hadda (Batariga/Alternator ama Magneto)
Gawaarida casriga ah, isha korontada ugu weyn badanaa waa baytariga (12V) kaas oo ay keento oo ay dib u buuxiso alternator-ka. Mootooyinka qaar, gaar ahaan moodooyinka duugga ah, isha laga helo waxay noqon kartaa magneto.
b. Badhanka Shidista iyo Wareegga Koowaad
Badhanka dab-shidku wuxuu isku xiraa oo kala gooyaa qulqulka korontada ee ugu weyn. Wareegga koowaad waa wadada korontada ee danab-yar ee u socota gariiradda koowaad iyada oo loo marayo kontoroolka dab-shidka (platinum ama module elektaroonik ah).
c. Gariiradda Shidista
Coilku wuxuu ka kooban yahay:
– Gariiradda Koowaad: waxay heshaa koronto 12V ah (ama magneto).
– Gariiradda labaad: waxay soo saartaa danab sare, waxay noqon kartaa 10.000–40.000 volts ama ka badan iyadoo ku xiran nidaamka.
Gariirku wuxuu shaqeeyaa marka qulqulka koowaad si lama filaan ah loo jaro (burburka goobta birlabta), si uu koronto-dhaliye sare ugu dhaco gariiradda labaad.
d. Xakamaynta/Jabiyaha Wareegga Koowaad
Waxaa jira dhowr nooc:
– Platinum (jare-ka xiriirka): jabiye farsamo oo ku jira nidaamyada caadiga ah.
– CDI/TCI/ECU: module elektaroonik ah oo nidaamiya marka korontada la jaro iyo inta gariiradda "la dallacayo" (waqtiga la joogo).
e. Qaybiyaha (Matoorada Gawaarida qaarkood)
Nidaamyada caadiga ah ee baabuurta duugga ah, qaybiyuhu wuxuu danab sare u qaybiyaa dab-shid kasta iyadoo loo eegayo amarka dab-shidka. Qaybiyaashu waxay caadi ahaan ku qalabaysan yihiin:
- rotor, cap, iyo farsamada horumariyaha (xakameeyaha hore ee dab-damiska).
Gawaarida casriga ah, qaybiyaha badanaa waa la dayacaa.
f. Fiilada Danab Sare / Xidhmada-ku-xidhan (COP)
Danab sare ayaa lagu gudbiyaa fiilada dab-shidka. Nidaamyada casriga ah ee COP, gariiraddu waxay si toos ah ugu xiran tahay qalabka dab-shidka, taasoo u oggolaanaysa in fiilada danab-sare la saaro ama la gaabiyo.
g. Qalabka Dhigista
Daboolka dhimbiiluhu waa "caarada" nidaamka dab-shidka. Dabku wuxuu ka dhacaa farqiga elektroodka. Xaaladda dab-shidka (farqiga, kaydka kaarboonka, xirashada elektroodka) waxay si weyn u saamaysaa tayada gubashada.
4. Noocyada Nidaamyada Shidaalka
Horumarka tignoolajiyada ayaa horseeday in nidaamka dab-shidku uu ka soo baxo farsamada gacanta una gudbo elektaroonig iyadoo la adeegsanayo kontoroolka kumbuyuutarka.
1) Nidaamka Shidaalka Caadiga ah (Platinum)
Nidaamkani wuxuu adeegsadaa platinum si uu u joojiyo qulqulka ugu weyn ee gariiradda. Faa'iidooyinkeedu waa kuwo fudud oo si fudud loo fahmi karo, laakiin waxay leedahay cillado:
– Platinum-ku wuu duugoobay, wuxuu u baahan yahay hagaajin joogto ah.
- Waqtiga si fudud ayaa loo beddelaa sababtoo ah xirashada kamaradaha ama gu'ga.
- Dabku wuu daciifi karaa marka uu kor u kaco (sababtoo ah "boodboodka platinum").
Badanaa waxaa jira kondenser si loo yareeyo iftiinka platinum-ka loona dedejiyo burburka goobta birlabta si danabku u kordho.
2) Nidaamka Shidaalka ee CDI (Daboolka Daadinta Kondensarka)
CDI-yadu waa wax caadi ah mootooyinka. Nidaamkani wuxuu tamarta ku kaydiyaa kapastor ka dibna si dhakhso ah ayuu ugu sii daayaa gariiradda. Astaamaha CDI:
- Dhirbaaxo deggan oo degdeg ah marka la eego xawaaraha sare.
– Qaybaha farsamada ee ugu yar.
- Waxay isticmaali kartaa ilaha AC (magneto) ama DC (batari), iyadoo ku xiran naqshadda.
CDI waxay ku habboon tahay matoorada u baahan jawaab degdeg ah oo dab-shid ah, laakiin dabeecadda dhimbiiluhu waxay noqon kartaa "gaaban" marka loo eego nidaamka soo-jiidashada.
3) Nidaamka Shidaalka TCI/Transistor (Shidaalka Inductive)
TCI-yada si weyn ayaa loogu isticmaalaa gawaarida casriga ah, iyagoo adeegsanaya transistor-yada sida badhanka current-ka ee ugu weyn. Faa'iidooyinkooda:
- Xakamaynta waqtiga deggan oo sax ah.
- Tamar koronto oo wanaagsan oo ku dhacda rpm kala duwan.
– Waara oo u baahan dayactir yar.
4) Nidaamka Shidaalka Isku-dhafan ECU (Maareynta Mashiinka)
Gawaarida casriga ah, ECU waxay xakameysaa dab-shidka iyadoo lagu saleynayo dareemayaasha sida:
– CKP (Dareemaha Jagada Crankshaft)
- CMP (Dareemaha Jagada Camshaft)
– TPS (Dareemaha Jagada Garaaca)
– MAP/MAF (cadaadis/kala duwanaansho ama socodka hawada)
- ECT (heerkulka qaboojinta)
- Dareemaha garaaca (ogaanshaha garaaca)
ECU waxay si firfircoon u hagaajin kartaa waqtiga shidista si loo helo awood, hufnaan, iyo ka hortagga qarax.
5) Nidaamka Shidaalka ee aan Qaybinayn (DIS) iyo Qalabka Xidhmada (COP)
DIS waxay meesha ka saartaa qaybiyaha, iyadoo adeegsanaysa laba gariiradood ama gariirad dhululubo kasta. COP-ga ugu badan maanta: dhululubo kastaa wuxuu leeyahay gariirad u gaar ah oo si toos ah ugu taal qalabka dabka dhaliya, taasoo keentay:
– Tamarta oo yaraata.
– Xakameyn dab-shid oo sax ah halkii silinda.
- Dayactir fudud sababtoo ah qaybo yar ayaa dhaqaaqa.
5. Waqtiga Shidista iyo Horumarka
Waqtiga shidista waa daqiiqadda uu shidista dhaco marka loo eego booska bistoolada. Guud ahaan, shidista waxay dhacdaa ka hor Xarunta Dhimashada Sare (TDC) ee ku taal istaroogga cadaadiska, oo loo yaqaan BTDC (Kahor Xarunta Dhimashada Sare). Maxaa ka hor TDC? Maadaama gubashadu ay qaadato waqti in la sameeyo, cadaadiska ugu sarreeya ayaa la filayaa inuu dhaco wax yar ka dib marka bistooladu dhaafto TDC si loo helo riixitaanka ugu waxtarka badan.
Xawaaraha sare ee matoorka, waqtiga la heli karo waa gaaban yahay. Sidaa darteed, horusocodka dab-shidka waa in la sameeyaa si aad u horumarsan si loo ilaaliyo gubashada ugu habboon. Nidaamyada caadiga ah waxay isticmaalaan horusocod farsamo (centrifugal/vacuum), halka nidaamyada casriga ahi ay ku tiirsan yihiin ECU.
Haddii waqtigu aad u horumarsan yahay:
– Matoorku wuxuu "garaabi karaa" (garaacid/qarxin), awood aan degganayn, khatarta dhaawaca bistoolada.
Haddii ay aad u fog tahay:
– Awood liidata, shidaal khasaara leh, heerkulka gaaska qiiqa oo kordha.
6. Calaamadaha Dhaawaca Nidaamka Shidaalka
Qaar ka mid ah calaamadaha caadiga ah ee dhibaatooyinka dab-shidka:
1. Matoorku way adag tahay in la bilaabo: koronto dhimaysa, gariirad daciif ah, baytari dhintay, dareemaha CKP ee dhibka leh.
2. Brebet ama dab-shid aan habboonayn: fiilo wasakh ah oo qarxa, fiilooyin dab-shid ah oo daadanaya, gariirado dillaacsan, qalab/shidaal ayaa sidoo kale kicin kara laakiin dab-shidku waa in la hubiyaa.
3. Korontada oo yaraatay: waqtigu waa dansan yahay, gariiraddu waa daciif tahay, korontooyinka dab-shidka ah laguma saleeyo qeexitaannada.
4. Isticmaalka shidaalka oo khasaara: gubasho aan dhammaystirnayn, dhimbiil daciif ah, waqti khaldan.
5. Hubi in nalka matoorku shidan yahay (gawaarida casriga ah): DTC-yada la xiriira dabka (tusaale ahaan P0300-P0304) waxay tilmaami karaan dab-shid ama shidaal.
7. Dayactirka Nidaamka Dab-shidka Aasaasiga ah
Si loo hubiyo in nidaamka dab-shidku uu yahay mid waara oo ugu fiican, samee dayactirka soo socda:
– Hubi oo beddel fiilooyinka dabka sida waafaqsan waqtiyada soo saaraha. Hubi in farqiga fiilooyinka dabka uu waafaqsan yahay heerka.
– Hubi fiilooyinka iyo gariiradda korontada: raadi dildilaacyada, daadashada, ama daxalka ku jira isku xirayaasha.
– Hubi in danabka baytarigu uu wanaagsan yahay nidaamka dallacaadduna uu caadi yahay.
– Isticmaal shidaal sida ku cad octane-ka lagu taliyay si ECU aysan dib u dhigin waqtiga marar badan sababtoo ah garaaca.
– Nidaamyada caadiga ah: si joogto ah u hagaaji platinum-ka iyo waqtiga, oo hubi kondenserka iyo qaybiyaha.
Xiritaanka
Nidaamka dab-shidka ee gaadhiga ayaa tamarta korontada ee danab-yar u beddela tamar danab-sare si uu u soo saaro dab-shid wakhtiga saxda ah ee ku xiran dab-shidka. Qaybaha muhiimka ah sida gariiradda, kantaroolka hadda jira (platinum/CDI/TCI/ECU), iyo dab-shidku waxay si wada jir ah u shaqeeyaan si ay u abuuraan gubasho hufan oo deggan. Fahmidda aasaaska nidaamka dab-shidku waxay ka caawisaa isticmaalayaasha iyo farsamoyaqaannada inay ogaadaan dhibaatooyinka matoorka, inay sameeyaan dayactir joogto ah, iyo inay ilaaliyaan waxqabadka ugu wanaagsan ee gaadhiga.
Haddii aad rabto, waxaan samayn karaa nooc gaar ah oo maqaalka ah oo loogu talagalay mootooyinka (CDI/TCI) ama baabuurta casriga ah (COP, ECU, dareemayaasha CKP/CMP), oo dhammaystiran oo leh jaantusyada shaqada iyo tusaalooyin kiisaska guuldarada.
