Tekinoroji yekugadzira machipisi emafoni
Pendauluan
Tekinoroji yekugadzira machip ndiyo musimboti weshanduko yetekinoroji yatiri kuona parizvino, kunyanya munyika yemafoni. Smartphone yega yega yemazuva ano inoshandisa machip akaomarara kuti ipe mabasa akasiyana-siyana, kubva pakutaurirana kusvika pakugadzirisa mifananidzo. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvetekinoroji yekugadzira machip, magadzirirwo anoitwa machip aya, uye kuti anobatsira sei mukufambira mberi kwemafoni.
Nhoroondo Yekare uye Kubudirira
Kugadzirwa kwemachipisi, kunozivikanwawo sekugadzira ma semiconductor, kwakatanga nekugadzirwa kwe transistor muna 1947 naJohn Bardeen, Walter Brattain, naWilliam Shockley kuBell Labs. Kuwanikwa uku kwakagadzira nzira yekushandiswa kwezvishandiso zvemagetsi zvishoma. Muna 1958, Jack Kilby weTexas Instruments akabudirira kugadzira dunhu rekutanga rakabatanidzwa, iro rakava hwaro hwechipisi chemazuva ano.
Nekufamba kwenguva, tekinoroji yekugadzira machipisi yakafambira mberi. Gordon Moore, mumwe wevakatanga Intel, akafanotaura muna 1965 kuti huwandu hwematransistors ari pachipisi hwaizopetwa kaviri makore maviri ega ega, kufanotaura kwakazozivikanwa seMoore's Law. Kufanotaura uku kwaratidza kuti kwakarurama kusvika nanhasi, kuchitungamira hunyanzvi hunoshamisa mukugadzira machipisi.
Tekinoroji Yemazuva Ano Yekugadzira Machipisi
Maitiro eLithography
Lithography ndiyo danho rakakosha zvikuru pakugadzira machip. Inosanganisira kushandisa mwenje kana maerekitironi kunyora mapatani ecircuit pa silicon wafers. Mu tekinoroji yemazuva ano, extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography inoshandiswa kuwana resolution yepamusoro-soro, zvichigonesa kugadzirwa kwemachip ane ma transistors madiki se5 nanometers (nm) kana kuti madiki. Izvi zvinobvumira kubatanidzwa kwema transistors akawanda pachip imwe chete, zvichiwedzera mashandiro uye zvichideredza kushandiswa kwesimba.
Kuisa uye Kucheka
Mushure mekuita lithography, matanho anotevera ndeekuisa zvinhu, uko zvinhu zvinoshanda zvinoiswa pawafer, uye kuchekwa, uko zvinhu zvisingadiwe zvinobviswa, zvichigadzira patani yedunhu rinodiwa. Maitiro aya anoitwa nemazvo zvikuru uchishandisa michina yepamusoro.
Ion Kudyarwa
Kuisa maion mu ion inzira iyo maion anokurumidziswa uye anopinzwa mu silicon wafer kuti achinje hunhu hwemagetsi hwenzvimbo dzakatarwa. Iyi nzira inoshandiswa kudzora mhando uye huwandu hwevanotakura charge mukati me transistors, izvo zvakakosha pakushanda kwema chip.
Kubatana uye Kurongedza
Kana ma transistors nezvimwe zvikamu zvagadzirwa, danho rinotevera nderekuzvibatanidza kuburikidza nenzira inonzi interconnection. Tekinoroji dzemazuva ano dzekurongedza machip, dzakadai se3D stacking, dzinobvumira kubatanidzwa kwezvikamu zvakawanda zve circuitry munzvimbo diki kwazvo, zvichiwedzera kushanda zvakanaka uye mashandiro.
Mashandisirwo muSmartphone
Professor
Purosesa iyi ipfungwa dzefoni. Mapurosesa emazuva ano akadai seQualcomm Snapdragon, Apple A-series, uye Samsung Exynos ese anogadzirwa achishandisa tekinoroji yekugadzira machipisi emazuva ano. Mapurosesa aya anowanzo kuve nemaCPU cores akawanda, GPU, uye mamwe mayuniti ekugadzirisa akadai seNPU (Neural Processing Unit) yehungwaru hwekugadzira.
Memory
Memory, ingave RAM (Random Access Memory) kana NAND flash-based internal storage, inogadzirwawo uchishandisa matekiniki ekugadzira machipisi. Kumhanya kwememory uye kugona kwayo zvinokanganisa zvikuru mashandiro ese efoni.
Modems uye Zvikamu zveRF
Kutaurirana chinhu chakakosha pamafoni, zvinoda tekinoroji yepamusoro yekugadzira machip kuti pagadzirwe mamodemu nezvimwe zvikamu zveredhiyo (RF). Matekinoroji akaita se5G anowedzera matambudziko ekugadzira, achida kunyatsorongeka uye kushanda zvakanaka.
Switch
Mafoni emazuva ano ane masensa akasiyana-siyana, akadai semakamera, magyroscope, maaccelerometer, uye masensa eminwe. Masensa ese aya anogadzirwa achishandisa matekiniki epamusoro ekugadzira machip.
Matambudziko muTekinoroji yekugadzira machipisi
Chikero cheNanometer
Sezvo saizi dzetransistor dzichiramba dzichiderera kusvika pachiyero chenanometer, matambudziko ekugadzira anowedzera. Kunyatsojeka padanho reatomu kunodiwa kuti pave nechokwadi chekuti chip inoshanda zvakanaka. Kusakwana kudiki kunogona kukonzera zvikanganiso.
Mitengo Yakakwira
Nzvimbo dzekugadzira machipisi, dzinozivikanwa semafabs, dzinodhura zvikuru kuvaka nekushandisa. Makambani mashoma chete, akadai seTSMC, Samsung, neIntel, ane simba uye zviwanikwa zvekugadzira machipisi epamusoro-soro.
Zvinhu Zvitsva
Zvinhu zvitsva zvakaita segraphene nemolybdenum disulfide zviri kuongororwa kuti zvikunde zvipingamupinyi zvesilicon yechinyakare. Zvisinei, zvinhu zvitsva izvi zvine matambudziko akasiyana ekugadzira, zvichida nzira itsva uye matekinoroji ekugadzira.
Remangwana reTekinoroji yekugadzira machipisi
Quantum Computing
Imwe nzira yeramangwana ndeyekugadzirwa kwemakombiyuta equantum, anoshandisa maqubits panzvimbo pemabits echinyakare. Izvi zvinoda nzira itsva yekugadzira.
Tekinoroji Yepamusoro yeLithography
Kufambira mberi mune tekinoroji ye lithography kunotarisirwa kuti kugonese kugadzirwa kwemachipisi ane saizi diki dze transistor, pamwe kunyange pasi pe 1 nm.
Machipisi ane mabasa akakosha
Mune ramangwana, tingangoona machipisi akawanda akagadzirirwa mabasa akakosha akadai sehungwaru hwekugadzira, kuongorora data guru, uye tekinoroji yeIoT. Izvi zvinoda kugadzirwa kwemachipisi kwakanyatsogadzirwa uye kwakanyatsogadzirwa.
Mhedziso
Kufambira mberi mukugadzirwa kwetekinoroji yekugadzira machipisi kwave kuri chinhu chikuru mukushanduka kwemafoni atinofarira nhasi. Kubva pakuita lithography chaiyo kusvika pakushandiswa kwezvinhu zvitsva nematambudziko emangwana, tekinoroji yekugadzira machipisi icharamba ichichinja kuti isangane nezvinodiwa zviri kuramba zvichiwedzera. Saka, kugadzirwa kwemachipisi hakusi hwaro hwetekinoroji yemafoni chete asiwo remangwana rekuvandudza tekinoroji.
