Basa rePsychology mukutsigira Hutano hwepfungwa
Hutano hwepfungwa hwave chinhu chakakosha pakugara zvakanaka mumakumi emakore achangopfuura. Pakati pekuwedzera kweruzivo, sainzi yepfungwa yave iri pamberi pekuedza kunzwisisa, kuongorora, uye kurapa matambudziko ehutano hwepfungwa. Chinyorwa chino chinotarisa basa rinokosha rinoitwa nepfungwa mukutsigira hutano hwepfungwa, kuongorora hwaro hwakasiyana-siyana hwedzidziso, nzira dzekurapa, uye basa renyanzvi dzepfungwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana.
Nheyo dzePsychology neHutano hwepfungwa
Psychology, kudzidza kwesainzi kwepfungwa nemaitiro, inopa maturusi edzidziso uye anoshanda ekunzwisisa hutano hwepfungwa. Midzi yayo inogona kuteverwa kumashure kutsika dzekare, asi yakazivikanwa zviri pamutemo sedzidzo yesainzi yakasiyana mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19. Vatangi vakaita saSigmund Freud, Carl Jung, naWilliam James vakaisa hwaro hwakatungamira kudzidza kwepfungwa dzevanhu, manzwiro, uye maitiro. Nekufamba kwenguva, mamodheru akawanda edzidziso akashanduka kuti atsanangure maitiro epfungwa, imwe neimwe ichibatsira kunzwisisa kwedu hutano hwepfungwa.
Dzidziso Dzinokosha dzePfungwa Nemipiro Yadzo
1. Pfungwa dzeMaitiro:
Pfungwa dzezvepfungwa dzemaitiro dzinonyanya kutarisisa maitiro anoonekwa uye zvinoakonzera. Vapambi vakaita saJohn B. Watson naBF Skinner vakaratidza kuti maitiro anogona kudzidzwa uye kusadzidzwa kuburikidza nekugadziriswa. Maonero aya akatungamira mukuvandudzwa kwenzira dzekurapa maitiro, dzakadai seCognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), iyo inotarisa pakuchinja maitiro asina kunaka uye maitiro ekufunga. CBT yakasimbiswa zvakanyanya kurapa matambudziko akasiyana-siyana ehutano hwepfungwa, kusanganisira kuzvidya mwoyo, kuora mwoyo, uye PTSD.
2. Pfungwa dzepfungwa:
Kufunga kwepfungwa kunoongorora maitiro emukati mepfungwa akadai sekurangarira, kunzwisisa, uye kugadzirisa matambudziko. Aaron Beck naAlbert Ellis vakatanga dzidziso dzekufunga dzinotsanangura kuti mafungiro asina kunaka anobatsira sei kurwara kwepfungwa. Kurapa kwepfungwa kunovavarira kugadzirisa pfungwa dzakakanganisika, zvichibatsira vanhu kuti vatore nzira dzakanaka dzekufunga. Nzira iyi yakaratidza kushanda mukuderedza zviratidzo zvekuora mwoyo, kuzvidya mwoyo, nezvimwe zvirwere zvepfungwa.
3. Sainzi yeHumanistic:
Pfungwa dzepfungwa dzevanhu, dzakatsigirwa naCarl Rogers naAbraham Maslow, dzinosimbisa kugona kwemunhu uye kuzvigadzirisa. Maonero aya anokurudzira nzira yekurapa inotarisa kune mutengi, zvichikurudzira nzvimbo isina mhosva, ine tsitsi uko vanhu vanogona kuongorora nekuziva zvavari chaizvo. Matekiniki akadai sekubvunzurudza zvinokurudzira uye kurapa kunotarisa munhu anobva muchikoro ichi chepfungwa, zvichipa nzira dzinotsigira vanhu kuti vakunde kushungurudzika kwepfungwa.
4. Dzidziso yeKuongorora Pfungwa:
Dzidziso yepfungwa yaSigmund Freud, muvambi wepfungwa dzepfungwa, inonyatsoongorora basa repfungwa dzisina ruzivo mukuumba maitiro nemamiriro epfungwa. Kunyange zvazvo dzimwe pfungwa dzaFreud dzichikakavadzana nhasi, pfungwa yekutsvaga zvikonzero zvisina ruzivo ichiripo mukurapa kwakasiyana-siyana. Matekiniki akadai sekubatana kwakasununguka uye kuongorora zviroto anovavarira kufumura kusawirirana kusina kugadziriswa uye manzwiro akadzvinyirirwa, zvichipa nzira yekunzwisisa nekuporesa.
5. Muenzaniso wezvemagariro evanhu:
Iyi modhi yemazuva ano inobatanidza zvinhu zvehupenyu, zvepfungwa, uye zvemagariro evanhu mukunzwisisa hutano hwepfungwa. Ichibvuma kuoma kwezvirwere zvepfungwa, inosimbisa kukosha kwenzira yakazara. Iyi modhi inopa ruzivo nezvekuvandudzwa kwezvirongwa zvinotarisa mafambiro ezvirwere zvemajini, maitiro ekuziva, uye mamiriro emagariro evanhu, zvichipa hurongwa hwakazara hwekutarisira hutano hwepfungwa hunoshanda.
Kuongorora Pfungwa uye Kuongororwa
Chinhu chakakosha pabasa repfungwa muhutano hwepfungwa ndechekuongorora nekuongorora mamiriro ehutano hwepfungwa. Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinoshandisa bvunzo dzakasiyana-siyana, kubvunzurudzwa kwekiriniki, uye nzira dzekutarisa kuti dziongorore mamiriro epfungwa emunhu. Zvishandiso zvakaita seDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) uye International Classification of Diseases (ICD) zvinopa nzira dzakarongeka dzekuongorora zvirwere zvepfungwa. Kuongorora kwakarurama kwakakosha pakugadzira zvirongwa zvekurapa zvakakodzera uye nzira dzekurapa dzakagadzirirwa zvinodiwa nemunhu wega wega.
Ukama Hwekurapa
Chinhu chikuru mukurapa kwepfungwa hukama hwekurapa pakati penyanzvi yepfungwa nemutengi. Tsvagiridzo inogara ichiratidza kukosha kwehukama hwakasimba, hwekuvimbana, uye hwekushandira pamwe mukubudirira kwekurapa. Kutaurirana kunobudirira, kunzwira tsitsi, uye kuteerera zvine hunyanzvi hunyanzvi hwekutanga hwenyanzvi dzepfungwa, zvichikurudzira nzvimbo iyo vatengi vanonzwa vakachengeteka kuongorora pfungwa dzavo nemanzwiro avo. Hukama uhwu hunoumba hwaro hwekurapa, zvisinei nenzira chaiyo inoshandiswa.
Kurapa Kwakavakirwa Pauchapupu
Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekurapa dzinobva pauchapupu kuti dzitsigire hutano hwepfungwa:
1. Kurapa Kwepfungwa Nemaitiro (CBT):
CBT inotarisa pakugadzirisa mafungiro asina kunaka uye maitiro. Inopa vanhu hunyanzvi hunoshanda hwekugadzirisa nekuderedza zviratidzo zvezvirwere zvepfungwa. Maitiro akadai sekugadzirisa pfungwa uye kurapwa kwekuratidzwa kwezviratidzo ndiwo akakosha muCBT.
2. Kurapa Maitiro Ekutaura (DBT):
Pakutanga yakagadzirwa senzira yekurapa kusagadzikana kwehunhu hwemunhu, DBT inosanganisa nzira dzekuziva-maitiro netsika dzekurangarira. Inobatsira vanhu kudzora manzwiro avo, kuvandudza hukama hwavo, uye kugadzira nzira dzekugadzirisa matambudziko.
3. Kurapa Kwakavakirwa Pakufunga:
Maitiro ekufunga, akavakirwa mutsika dzekare, akabatanidzwa muzvirongwa zvekurapa zvakaita seMindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) uye Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT). Maitiro aya anokurudzira kuziva nekugamuchira zviitiko zvemazuva ano, zvichideredza zviratidzo zvekuzvidya mwoyo, kuora mwoyo, uye kushushikana.
4. Kurapa Kwepfungwa:
Kubva pakuongorora kwepfungwa kwaFreud, kurapa kwepfungwa kunovavarira kuongorora maitiro asingazivikanwe uye zviitiko zvepakutanga zvinokanganisa maitiro azvino. Inotsvaga kusimudzira kuzviziva uye kunzwisisa zvikonzero zvepfungwa.
5. Kurapa Nevanhu (IPT):
IPT inotarisa pakuvandudza hukama hwevanhu pamwe nemaitiro ekutaurirana. Inotarisa nyaya dzakadai sekusuruvara, kuchinja kwemabasa, uye kusawirirana kwevanhu, izvo zvinonyanya kukonzera matambudziko ehutano hwepfungwa.
Nyanzvi dzepfungwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana
Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinoshanda munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana kutsigira hutano hwepfungwa:
1. Kudzidzira Kwekurapa:
Munzvimbo dzekurapa, vanachiremba vepfungwa vanopa ongororo, kurapa, uye kupindira kune vanhu vane matambudziko ehutano hwepfungwa. Vanoshanda pamwe chete nevamwe vashandi vezvehutano kugadzira hurongwa hwakakwana hwekurapa.
2. Zvikoro nemayunivhesiti:
Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzechikoro dzinoita basa rakakosha mukutsigira hutano hwepfungwa dzevadzidzi. Dzinoita ongororo, dzinopa mazano, uye dzinogadzira mapurogiramu ekugadzirisa matambudziko edzidzo nemanzwiro. Nzvimbo dzekupa mazano kumayunivhesiti dzinopawo rutsigiro rwakakosha kuvadzidzi vanotarisana nematambudziko akasiyana-siyana.
3. Nzvimbo yebasa:
Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzemaindasitiri nemasangano dzinokurudzira kugara zvakanaka kwepfungwa munzvimbo yebasa. Dzinoronga nzira dzekuderedza kushushikana, kuvandudza kuenzana kwebasa nehupenyu, uye kuvandudza hutano hwepfungwa hwevashandi.
4. Hutano hweNharaunda neVeruzhinji:
Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzemunharaunda dzinoshanda kuvandudza hutano hwepfungwa munharaunda. Dzinovaka mapurogiramu ekugadzirisa zvinhu zvinokonzera hutano hwepfungwa munharaunda, kukurudzira kusimba kwemuviri, uye kutsigira mitemo yehutano hwepfungwa.
mhedziso
Basa repfungwa mukutsigira hutano hwepfungwa rine mativi akawanda uye rinoshanduka-shanduka. Kuburikidza nehurongwa hwakawanda hwedzidziso, maturusi ekuongorora, nzira dzekurapa, uye kusimudzira hukama hwekurapa, pfungwa dzinopa mipiro yakakosha mukunzwisisa nekuvandudza hutano hwepfungwa. Sezvo nzanga ichiramba ichiziva kukosha kwehutano hwepfungwa, nzwisiso nehunyanzvi hwevanyanzvi vepfungwa zvicharamba zvichikosha mukusimudzira vanhu vane hutano uye vakasimba. Kufambira mberi kuri kuitika mumunda uyu, kwakavakirwa pakutsvagisa kwakasimba uye tsika dzetsitsi, kunovimbisa kudzamisa kunzwisisa kwedu uye kuwedzera kushanda kwehutano hwepfungwa mumakore anotevera.
