Mitemo ine chekuita nekubata hove mugungwa guru
Makungwa makuru inzvimbo dzegungwa dziri kunze kwenzvimbo dzenyika. Kusiyana nemvura dziri mukati megungwa, makungwa enzvimbo, kana Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs), hapana nyika imwe chete ine hutongi hwakazara mumakungwa makuru. Nokudaro, kubata hove mumakungwa makuru kunounza matambudziko makuru: ndiani ane kodzero yekubata hove, ndeipi mitemo, uye maitiro ekuitevedzera kana vabati vehove vari kure nemahombekombe uye vachigara vachifamba munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana. Kuti vagadzirise matambudziko aya, nharaunda yepasi rose yakagadzira hurongwa hwemitemo kuburikidza nezvibvumirano zvakasiyana-siyana zvepasi rose, masangano ekutonga hove ematunhu, uye mitemo yenyika inoenderana.
Mutemo wepasi rose: UNCLOS senheyo
Mutemo mukuru pamusoro pegungwa guru unobva ku1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). UNCLOS inosimbisa kuti gungwa guru rakavhurika kune marudzi ese, ese ari maviri ari kumahombekombe uye akakomberedzwa negungwa. Panyaya yekubata hove, UNCLOS inobvuma rusununguko rwekubata hove mugungwa guru, asi rusununguko urwu harusi rwakakwana. Nyika dzinofanirwa kushandira pamwe mukuchengetedza nekutarisira zviwanikwa zvegungwa .
UNCLOS inosimbisawo pfungwa yekuti "mutoro wenyika yemureza." Ngarava dzinoshanda mugungwa dziri pasi pehurumende yemureza, nyika yakanyoreswa ngarava. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kutarisirwa kukuru kwekutevedzera mitemo yepasi rose kuri pasi pehurumende yemureza, kusanganisira basa rekuona kuti ngarava dzine mapemiti, dzinotevedzera mitemo yakatarwa, dzinorega kushandisa zvishandiso zvekuredza zvinorambidzwa , uye dzinoshuma nezvekubatwa kwadzo.
Uyezve, UNCLOS inoda kuti nyika dzitore matanho akavakirwa pasainzi kudzivirira kushandiswa zvakanyanya kwehove. Mumamiriro egungwa guru, chisungo ichi chinowanzoitwa kuburikidza nekugadzwa kana kuve nhengo mumasangano ekutarisira hove.
Chibvumirano cheUN cheHove: kutarisa pahove dzinoyambuka miganhu uye kutamira kure
Mushure meUNCLOS, chimwe chishandiso chakakosha chakamuka, icho Chibvumirano cheUnited Nations Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA) muna 1995. Chibvumirano ichi chakasimbisa kutonga kwehove, kunyanya muzvikamu zviviri zvehove: hove dzinofamba-famba pakati peEEZ negungwa guru) uye hove dzinofamba-famba-famba zvakanyanya (hove dzinofamba-famba kure dzakadai setuna).
UNFSA yakaunza misimboti yakati wandei yakakosha yekudzora hove dzegungwa guru, kusanganisira nzira yekudzivirira uye manejimendi yakavakirwa pakuchengetedza nharaunda. Misimboti iyi inoda kuti nyika dzisamirire chokwadi chakazara chesainzi dzisati dzaita chimwe chinhu kana paine njodzi yekukuvadzwa kwehove kana nharaunda. UNFSA inosimbisawo kukosha kwenzira dzekutarisa, kudzora, uye kutarisa (MCS), kusanganisira kuongororwa kwengarava, kucherechedzwa kwevanenge vari muchikepe (vacherechedzi), uye kushuma data.
Basa reRFMO: "hurumende" yekubata hove mugungwa guru
Nekuti gungwa guru harisi pasi penyika imwe chete, manejimendi anoshanda zvakanaka anowanzoitwa kuburikidza neRegional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs) kana Regional Fisheries Management Arrangements (RFMAs). RFMOs masangano ehurumende akasiyana anogadza mitemo yehunyanzvi uye miganho yenzvimbo kana mhando dzemhuka dziri mumvura dzepasi rose.
MaRFMO anowanzo gadzira matanho ekuchengetedza nekutarisira akadai se:
1. Huwandu hwehove dzinobvumirwa (TAC) uye chikamu chenyika imwe neimwe.
2. Mitemo yekushandisa hove (semuenzaniso saizi ye mesh, kurambidzwa kwemambure makuru ekudhonza hove, kana mitemo yekushandisa midziyo yekuunganidza hove/FADs mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzekubata hove).
3. Kuvhara nzvimbo nenguva dzekuredza hove kuchengetedza kubereka kwembeu kana nzvimbo dzakakosha dzekugara.
4. Chirongwa chekunyora magwaro (CDS) chekutevera zviri pamutemo zvechigadzirwa.
5. Rondedzero yezvikepe zveIUU (zvikepe zvinofungidzirwa kana kuti zvaratidza kuti zviri kuita basa rekubata hove zvisiri pamutemo, zvisina kutaurwa, uye zvisina mutemo), izvo zvinogona kurangwa sekurambwa kwekupinda pachiteshi.
Mienzaniso yeRFMO dzine simba pasi rose dzinosanganisira idzo dzinotarisira tuna mumakungwa akasiyana-siyana nemasangano anodzora hove dzemugungwa rakadzama. Kuva nhengo uye kutevedzera mitemo yeRFMO zvinowanzova chinhu chikuru chinoita kuti nyika ikwanise kubata hove munzvimbo nemarudzi ayo.
Chibvumirano cheFAO cheKutevedzera Mutemo uye Chibvumirano chePort State Measures
Pamusoro pezvibvumirano zveUN, sangano reFood and Agriculture Organization (FAO) rine zvibvumirano zvakakosha zvakawanda. Chibvumirano che1993 cheFAO Compliance Agreement chinosimbisa kusimbisa kudzora kwemureza wenyika, kunyanya kudzivirira ngarava kuti dzisadzivise mitemo nekudzoserwa kune dzimwe nyika dzisina kutarisirwa zvakanaka.
Zvichakadaro, Chibvumirano chePort State Measures (PSMA) chegore ra2009 ndechimwe chezvishandiso zvinoshanda zvakanyanya pakurambidza kubata hove dzeIUU. Pfungwa yacho iri nyore: kunyangwe ngarava dzichigona kuoma kubata mugungwa guru, dzichiri kuda nzvimbo dzekutakudza nekuburitsa hove dzadzo, kudziisa mafuta, uye kugadzirisa. PSMA inopa masimba kumatunhu echiteshi chengarava kuti aongorore, asimbise magwaro, uye arambe mabasa echiteshi chengarava kana paine zviratidzo zvekubata hove zvisiri pamutemo. Nekumisa mukana wekupinda mumisika nemidziyo, zvinokurudzira hupfumi hwekubata hove dzeIUU zvinogona kuderedzwa.
Matambudziko ekubata hove muIUU nematambudziko ekuchengetedza mutemo
Mitemo yegungwa guru inogara ichitarisana nenyaya yekubata hove dzeIUU. "Zvisiri pamutemo" zvinoreva kutyora mitemo yeRFMO kana mitemo yenyika yakakodzera; "zvisina kutaurwa" zvinoreva kusataurwa kana kutaurwa zvisirizvo; uye "zvisina kudzorwa" zvinoreva kufambiswa nengarava dzisina rudzi rwusingazivikanwi kana dziri kunze kwehurongwa hwekutarisira hunoshanda.
Matambudziko ekuchengetedzwa kwemutemo anosanganisira:
- Kureba uye kukura kwenzvimbo yekushandira kunoita kuti kufamba-famba kuome uye kudhura.
- Kuchinja-chinja kutevedzera mitemo yemureza, kunyanya kana ngarava ichifambisa mureza wezvinhu zviri nyore.
– Kutamiswa kwehove mugungwa (kutamiswa kwenhumbi pakati pegungwa) izvo zvinogona kuviga kwakabva hove.
– Kuoma kwenzira yekugovera zvinhu, nekuti hove dzinobva mugungwa dzinogona kupfuura nemumachiteshi akawanda nenyika dzisati dzapinda mumusika.
Kuti vagadzirise izvi, nyika neRFMO dziri kugadzira matekinoroji akadai seVessel Monitoring Systems (VMS), Automatic Identification Systems (AIS), electronic monitoring, uye satellite data analysis uye machine learning kuti vaone maitiro asina chokwadi. Zvisinei, matekinoroji aya achiri kuda rutsigiro rwezvematongerwo enyika, mari, uye hurongwa hwemutemo hwakajeka kuti data rishandiswe mukusimbisa mutemo.
Kubatana kwemusika: chitupa uye kurongeka kwekutevera
Kuwedzera kumitemo yenyika, mitemo yemusika inopesvedzerawo kubata hove mugungwa guru. Nyika zhinji dzinotenga hove nemakambani ekutengesa dzinoda kuteverwa kwehove uye humbowo hwekuti dziri pamutemo. Zvirongwa zvakaita sekusimbisa kuchengetedzeka kwehove, magwaro ekubata hove, uye mitemo inorwisa IUU kubva kunyika dzinotenga hove zvinogona kukurudzira vabati vehove kuti vatevedzere mitemo.
Kune nyika dzichiri kusimukira, izvi zvinogona kuva mukana uye dambudziko. Zvinopa mikana nekuti zvigadzirwa zvinotevedzera mitemo zvinogona kusvika kumisika yepamusoro, asi zvinopawo matambudziko nekuti zvinoda masisitimu akasimba ekutonga, ekutarisira, uye ekuzivisa.
Kutungamira kwebudiriro: Chibvumirano cheBBNJ nekuchengetedzwa kwezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana
Mumakore achangopfuura, kutarisisa kwepasi rose kwakawedzera pakuchengetedzwa kwezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana munzvimbo dziri kunze kwenyika. Chibvumirano chitsva pamusoro pezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana zvegungwa zviri kunze kwenyika (BBNJ) chinoonekwa sedanho rakakosha rekusimbisa kutonga kwakazara kwegungwa guru, kusanganisira kugadzwa kwenzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa dzegungwa (MPAs) mugungwa guru, kuongororwa kwemigumisiro yezvakatipoteredza, uye nzira dzekushandira pamwe nekugovana mabhenefiti. Kunyange hazvo chinangwa chiri chisiri chekubata hove chete, mitemo yekuchengetedza inobuda kubva muhurongwa hweBBNJ ine mukana wekuchinja nzvimbo nenzira dzekubata hove mugungwa guru.
Penutup
Mitemo yekubata hove mugungwa guru inosanganisa rusununguko nemutoro. UNCLOS inopa hwaro hwerusununguko rwekufamba netsoka uye kubata hove, asi zvakare inoda kushandira pamwe pakuchengetedza. UNFSA inosimbisa musimboti wekudzivirira, manejimendi yakavakirwa pasainzi, uye nzira dzekumanikidza. Padanho rekushanda, maRFMO anogadza mitemo yehunyanzvi senge quota, zvishandiso zvekubata hove, uye kutarisa, nepo zvimiro zveFAO zvakaita sePSMA zvichisimbisa kutevedzera mutemo kuburikidza nekudzora chiteshi. Zvichienderera mberi, matambudziko makuru anoramba aripo ekutevera mitemo nekutevedzera mutemo, kunyanya mukugadzirisa kubata hove kweIUU uye kuoma kwecheni dzepasi rose dzekugovera. Nekubatanidzwa kwemitemo yepasi rose, kushandira pamwe kwedunhu kunoshanda, kushandiswa kwetekinoroji yekutarisa, uye zvinodiwa pamusika kuti zvitevedzerwe, manejimendi yekubata hove mugungwa guru inogona kutungamira kune tsika dzakaenzana uye dzinogara kwenguva refu.
