Nhoroondo yeKufambira Mberi kweMeteorology
Meteorology isainzi inodzidza mhepo nezviitiko zviri mairi, kusanganisira mamiriro ekunze nemamiriro ekunze. Senzvimbo yekudzidza inokanganisa hupenyu hwezuva nezuva, meteorology yakashanduka zvakanyanya nekufamba kwenguva. Chinyorwa chino chichatevera kukura kwenhoroondo yemeteorology, kubva munguva dzekare kusvika munguva yemazuva ano.
1. Zvekare uye Zvakacherechedzwa Pakutanga
Madzitateguru edu, kubvira kare kare, akaona mamiriro ekunze nekuda kwesimba rawo pakurima nezvinodiwa zvezuva nezuva. Zvisinei, mamiriro ekunze sesainzi akatanga kuonekwa muGreece yekare. Mubhuku raAristotle, "Meteorologica" (340 BC), zviitiko zvemumhepo zvakaita semvura, mhepo, nemheni zvakakurukurwa zvakarongeka. Aristotle akatangawo izwi rekuti "meteorology," rinobva pashoko rechiGiriki rekuti "meteoron," zvichireva kuti "chimwe chinhu chiri mumhepo."
Nekufamba kwenguva, vacherechedzi vakaita saTheophrastus (372–287 BC), mudzidzi waAristotle, vakanyorawo nezvekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze nezvimwe zviitiko zvemumhepo. Zvisinei, ruzivo rwemamiriro ekunze panguva iyi rwakanga ruchiri kukanganiswa zvakanyanya nengano nepfungwa dzisiri dzesainzi.
2. Nguva dzepakati nepakati uye Kukura kweSainzi
Munguva yeMiddle Ages, mabasa mazhinji esainzi echiGiriki neRoma akashandurirwa muchiArabic nenyanzvi dzechiMuslim. Mumwe wevanhu vakakosha mukukura kwezvemamiriro ekunze munguva iyi aive Al-Kindi (801–873), uyo akanyora nezvezvemamiriro ekunze mumabasa akati wandei. Pamusoro pezvo, Ibn al-Haytham (965–1040), nyanzvi yemaziso uye fizikisi, akapawo mipiro yakakosha mukunzwisisa zviitiko zvemumhepo.
Zvisinei, kufambira mberi kukuru mune zvemamiriro ekunze hakuna kuitika kusvika panguva yeRenaissance muEurope. Muzana remakore rechi16, Nicolaus Copernicus naGalileo Galilei vakatanga kusava nechokwadi nekuramba dzidziso dzekare. Semuenzaniso, Galileo akagadzira thermometer yekutanga yakarurama kunenge muna 1603, chishandiso chakazova chakakosha pakuyera tembiricha yemhepo.
3. Nguva Yekutanga Yemazuva Ano: Kuvandudzwa Kwezviridzwa Nedzidziso
Muzana remakore rechi17 nerechi18 makaona kufambira mberi nekukurumidza mune zvemamiriro ekunze, kunyanya nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwezvishandiso zvemamiriro ekunze. Evangelista Torricelli, mudzidzi waGalileo, akagadzira mercury barometer muna 1643. Iyi barometer yakaita kuti zvikwanisike kuyera kumanikidzwa kwemhepo, chinhu chakakosha pakunzwisisa shanduko dzemamiriro ekunze.
MuEngland, Robert Hooke naRobert Boyle vakabatsirawo mukuvandudza mamiriro ekunze kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kwe barometer ne thermometer. Muna 1686, Edmond Halley akaburitsa mepu yemhepo inoratidza maitiro emhepo pasi rose, achiisa hwaro hwekunzwisisa kwedu kwemazuva ano kutenderera kwemhepo mumhepo.
4. Nguva yeKugadzira Zvishandiso uye Kugadzirisa
Muzana remakore rechi19, kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji uye kuenzaniswa kwezviyero kwakavhura nzira yekufambira mberi mune zvemamiriro ekunze. Francis Beaufort, mukuru wemauto egungwa ekuBritain, akaunza Beaufort Scale yekuyera simba remhepo muna 1805. Panguva iyi, Luke Howard, nyanzvi yemishonga yekuBritain, akagadzira sisitimu yekupatsanura makore muna 1802, iyo ichiri kushandiswa nanhasi pamwe nekumwe kugadziriswa.
Telegraph, yakagadzirwa naSamuel Morse muna 1837, yakaita kuti pave nekushuma mamiriro ekunze panguva chaiyo kubva kunzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana. Muna 1849, Joseph Henry weSmithsonian Institution akatanga network yekutanga yekutarisa mamiriro ekunze muUnited States, iyo yakava nzira yekutanga yemabasa emazuva ano emamiriro ekunze.
5. Kufanotaura Mamiriro Ekunze uye Kuenzanisa Kwemhepo
Zana remakore rechi20 rakaratidza nguva itsva mune zvemamiriro ekunze nekuunzwa kwekufanotaura kwemamiriro ekunze kwakarurama. Vilhelm Bjerknes, nyanzvi yefizikisi yekuNorway, aive munhu mukuru mukuvandudzwa kwedzidziso yepamberi, iyo inotsanangura kudyidzana pakati pemhepo dzakasiyana. Basa rake pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 rakaisa hwaro hwekufanotaura kwemamiriro ekunze kwemazuva ano.
Muna 1922, Lewis Fry Richardson akagadzira nzira yekutanga yekuverenga nhamba yekufanotaura mamiriro ekunze achishandisa maequation akasiyana. Kunyangwe nzira iyi yakanga isingashande panguva iyoyo nekuda kwekusakwana kwemakombiyuta, basa rake rakaisa hwaro hwemamodheru emakombiyuta ari kushandiswa nhasi.
Hondo Yenyika II yakaratidzawo nguva inokosha mukuongorora mamiriro ekunze. Radar, yakatanga kugadzirwa zvehondo, yakazoshandiswa kuona makore nemvura. Muma1950, makombiyuta akatanga kushandiswa kufanotaura mamiriro ekunze, John von Neumann nechikwata chake kuPrinceton vachigadzira modhi yekutanga yenhamba yemamiriro ekunze.
6. Satellite Meteorology uye Nguva Yekudyidzana Kwepasi Rose
Mumakore ekuma1960, ruzivo rwemamiriro ekunze rwakasvika padanho repasi rose nekutanga kwesatellite yekutanga yemamiriro ekunze, TIROS-1, neUnited States muna 1960. Satellite iyi yakakwanisa kupa mifananidzo yemakore kubva muchadenga, izvo zvakabvumira kutarisa mamiriro ekunze pasi rose.
Kubva ipapo, masateraiti emamiriro ekunze ave chishandiso chakakosha mukuongorora mamiriro ekunze. Anoshandiswa kuunganidza data pamusoro pekupisa, hunyoro, kufamba kwemhepo, nezvimwewo. Muma1970, kunzwisisa El Niño nedzimwe mafambiro emhepo kwakawedzera, nekuda kwedata rakaunganidzwa kubva pasi rese.
7. Tekinoroji Yemazuva Ano uye Remangwana reMeteorology
Tekinoroji yemakombiyuta iri kuramba ichikura yachinja mamiriro ekunze. Mamodheru ekufanotaura mamiriro ekunze aripo iye zvino anogona kufanotaura mamiriro ekunze nemazvo kusvika mazuva akati wandei pachine nguva. National Center for Climate and Weather Prediction (NCEP) muUnited States, European Meteorological Organization (ECMWF), nemamwe masangano akasiyana-siyana anoshandisa makombiyuta makuru kuti ashandise mamodheru akaomarara emuchadenga.
Pamusoro pezvo, matekinoroji emazuva ano ekuona zvinhu zvakaita seLIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) uye Doppler radar zvinobvumira kuona kwakanyatsojeka zviitiko zvemamiriro ekunze akaipisisa zvakaita semadutu nemadutu.
Mhedziso
Kubva pakuongorora kwekutanga muGreece yekare kusvika pakushandiswa kwemakomputa makuru nemasatellite epamusoro-soro, ruzivo rwemamiriro ekunze rwakachinja-chinja kwenguva refu. Sainzi iyi haingotibatsiri chete kunzwisisa mamiriro ekunze uye mamiriro ekunze asiwo inotigonesa kutora matanho ari nani ekuderedza njodzi dzechisikigo uye kugadzirisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze.
Nekufambira mberi kuri kuramba kuchiita tekinoroji, ramangwana rezvemamiriro ekunze rinotaridzika zvakanaka. Kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwezviitiko zvemumhepo kunogona kubatsira kugadzira nyika yakachengeteka uye inochengetedza zvinhu. Nokudaro, kudzidza nekuvandudza sainzi yezvemamiriro ekunze chinhu chakakosha mukuchengetedza hupenyu hwevanhu mune ramangwana.
