Basa reSangano reMamiriro ekunze repasi rose mukugadzirisa data
Munguva yekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kuri kuramba kuchikurumidzira, njodzi dzinoitika pasi pemvura, uye kudiwa kweruzivo rwemamiriro ekunze panguva chaiyo, mhando yedata ndiyo hwaro hwakakosha pakuita sarudzo. Data remamiriro ekunze neremvura haridiwi chete nemasangano emamiriro ekunze enyika asiwo nendege, ngarava, kurima, simba, hutano, uye nharaunda dzekuderedza njodzi. Zvisinei, data rakawanda harina kukosha otomatiki kana risingaenzaniswi, risingaenzaniswi, kana kuti richichinjana pakati penyika. Apa ndipo panoita basa guru neWorld Meteorological Organization (WMO): kuve nechokwadi chekuti data remamiriro ekunze, mamiriro ekunze, nemvura pasi rese rinotevedzera mitemo imwechete kuitira kuti rigone kushandiswa zvinobudirira, zvakachengeteka, uye zvakavimbika.
Kuona zvishoma nezve WMO nebasa rayo
Sangano reWorld Meteorological Organization isangano rakasarudzika reUnited Nations (UN) rinotarisa nezvemamiriro ekunze (mamiriro ekunze nemamiriro ekunze), mashandiro emvura (mvura inoyerera, nzizi, mafashamo), uye mabasa ezvakatipoteredza ane chekuita nazvo. WMO inoshanda senzvimbo yekushandira pamwe pakati penyika dziri nhengo mukugadzira nhungamiro, maitiro, uye maitiro akafanana. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha ndechekuenzanisa data: kugadzira "mutauro wakafanana" kuitira kuti ongororo kubva kunyika dzakasiyana nezvishandiso zvigone kusanganiswa, kuongororwa, uye kushandiswa kune mabasa everuzhinji ari nani.
Kuisa mitemo muzvikamu hakusi nyaya yehunyanzvi chete, asi inzira yekuvaka kuvimbana. Kana imwe nyika ikatumira ruzivo pamusoro pekumanikidzwa kwemhepo, mvura inonaya, kana tembiricha yegungwa, dzimwe nyika dzinofanira kuva nechivimbo chekuti ruzivo rwacho runoyerwa nenzira yakavimbika, rwakanyorwa nguva dzose, uye runogona kududzirwa pasina kujeka.
Sei kurongeka kwedata remamiriro ekunze kuchikosha?
Ruzivo rwemamiriro ekunze nemamiriro ekunze zvinodarika miganhu. Mamiriro ekunze haazive miganhu yekutonga. Kururama kwekufanotaura mune imwe nyika kunowanzoenderana nedata kubva kune dzimwe nyika, kunyanya munzvimbo dzine mhepo inovhuvhuta. Pasina mwero, matambudziko akadai se:
1. Kusawirirana muzvikamu netsananguro: semuenzaniso, mutsauko wekuverenga mvura inonaya zuva nezuva kana avhareji yekumhanya kwemhepo.
2. Kusiyana kwemhando yezviridzwa uye nzira dzekugadzirisa: masensa asina kugadziriswa anogona kugadzira kusarura kwakarongeka.
3. Musiyano muchimiro uye metadata: data risina ruzivo rwenzvimbo, nguva yekutarisa, kureba kwechiteshi, kana rudzi rwechishandiso zvinova zvakaoma kushandisa.
4. Zvipingamupinyi zvekutsinhana data: mafomati asingaenderane anoita kuti kubatanidzwa mumasisitimu epasi rose kuve kwakaoma.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, kururama kwemamodheru emamiriro ekunze ane nhamba (NWPs), ongororo yemamiriro ekunze kwenguva refu, uye masisitimu ekunyevera epakutanga zvinogona kudzikira. Kugadziriswa kweWMO kunobatsira kuvhara mipata iyi.
Miyero yekutarisa: kubva pamidziyo kusvika panzira dzekuyera
Basa reWMO mukuenzanisa data rinotanga padanho rekutanga: kutarisa. WMO inoburitsa gwara uye nzira dzakanakisisa maererano nekuiswa kwenzvimbo, kukwirira kwekuisa sensor, nguva dzekuyera, uye maitiro ekudzora mhando. Semuenzaniso, mitemo inotaura nezvekuyera tembiricha yemhepo (kudzivirira mwaranzi, kufefetera), maitiro ekuisa anemometers kuderedza zvipingamupinyi, uye nzira dzekuyera mvura pasi pemamiriro akasiyana-siyana (kusanganisira kunaya kwechando kana mvura inoperekedzwa nemhepo ine simba).
WMO inokurudzirawo kuenzanisa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti data kubva kunzvimbo mbiri dzakasiyana haringo "yerwe chete," asi rinoyerwa uchishandisa misimboti yakafanana, zvichibvumira kuti rienzaniswe pakuongorora mafambiro emamiriro ekunze. Izvi zvakakosha zvikuru muzvidzidzo zvekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, uko kusiyana kudiki munzira dzekutarisa kunogona kukonzera rusaruro rwenguva refu.
Kugadziriswa kwekuchinjana kwedata kuburikidza nema network epasi rose
WMO inoita kuti pave nekutsinhana kwedata kuburikidza nehurongwa hwepasi rose hunogonesa kuyerera kwedata remamiriro ekunze munguva chaiyo. Pfungwa huru ndeyekuvaka sisitimu inoita kuti data rikwanise kufamba kubva kunzvimbo dzemuno kuenda kunzvimbo dzenyika, wozoenda kunzvimbo dzemuno nedzepasi rose, uchishandisa mafomati akafanana uye maprotocol.
Mukuita, WMO inogadzira gwara rekuti data rinonyorwa sei, rinoonekwa sei, uye rinotumirwa sei (kutaurirana). Mitemo iyi inoita kuti mashoko edata anobva kuma "ocean buoys", ma "weather radar", kana nzvimbo dzepamusoro dzigone kuverengwa nedzimwe nzira pasina chikonzero chekushandura nemaoko, izvo zvinogona kukonzera zvikanganiso.
Uyezve, WMO inosimbisa kushanda pamwe chete: data rinofanira kushandiswa nemabasa akasiyana-siyana, kubva kumabasa ekufambisa ndege kusvika kuyambiro dzemafashamo. Nemitemo yakafanana, data rinogona kupinda zvakananga muchikamu chekugadzirisa uye kutsigira kuita sarudzo nekukurumidza.
Metadata: "data pamusoro pedata" inosarudza zvinoreva
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvinopihwa neWMO mukugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu ndechekusimudzira kuzara kwemetadata. Musainzi yedata yemazuva ano, data risina metadata rinowanzo shaya basa. Kune data remamiriro ekunze, metadata inosanganisira:
- nzvimbo dzenzvimbo, nzvimbo dzezviteshi, nzvimbo dzakapoteredza (semuenzaniso muguta/kumaruwa),
- nguva yekucherechedza nenzvimbo yenguva,
- rudzi rwechishandiso uye modhi, nhoroondo yekuongorora,
- kuchinja nzvimbo yechiteshi kana kuchinja michina,
- nzira dzekugadzirisa (semuenzaniso kugadzirisa kusarura, kusefa mhando).
WMO inosimbisa kuti metadata inofanira kutevedzera fomati yakafanana kuti ikwanise kuteverwa kwemakumi emakore. Izvi zvakakosha pakuongororazve mamiriro ekunze uye kuona mafambiro enguva refu, sezvo shanduko diki mukushandiswa kwezvishandiso kana nzvimbo inogona kukanganisa kududzirwa kwedata.
Kutarisira Hunhu: kuve nechokwadi chekuti data rakarurama uye rakavimbika
Kugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu hakusi kungoenderana nefomati chete; mhando yedata inofanira kuchengetedzwa. WMO inokurudzira nzira yeQuality Management System (QMS) yemabasa emamiriro ekunze uye emvura. QMS inosanganisira maitiro ekudzora mhando, kuongororwa, magwaro emaitiro, uye kudzidziswa kwevashandi.
Semuenzaniso, kuwedzera kwakangoerekana kwaitika mu data retembiricha kunofanira kucherechedzwa uye kusimbiswa, pane kushandiswa zvakananga mumamodheru. WMO inokurudzira maitiro ekudzora mhando otomatiki (kutarisa miganhu, kuenderana pakati pezvimiro) uye nemaoko (kuongorora kweanalyst). Mhedzisiro yacho idata rakavimbika rekufanotaura mamiriro ekunze, yambiro dzekutanga, uye kuongorora mamiriro ekunze.
Mitemo yemhando dzakasiyana dzedata: pamusoro, pamusoro, radar, satellite, uye hydrological
Ruzivo rwemamiriro ekunze harungobvi kunzvimbo dzinoshandiswa mvura chete. WMO inobatanidzwawo mukuenzanisa ruzivo kubva ku:
– Maradiosondes nekutarisa mhepo yepamusoro, izvo zvakakosha pakugadzira mapu ekupisa, hunyoro uye mapurofayiro emhepo.
- Radar yemamiriro ekunze, kusanganisira zvinhu zvekuongorora uye kududzira kudzokorora kwemvura kuti ionekwe.
– Masatellite, anopa kufukidza kwepasi rose uye anoda mwero wekubatanidzwa nekutarisa munzvimbo yacho.
- Kushanda kwemvura, zvakaita sehuwandu hwemvura, kubuda kwemvura murwizi, uye zviratidzo zvekusanaya kwemvura.
Nehurongwa hwakazara hwemitemo, data kubva kumapuratifomu akasiyana-siyana rinogona kusanganiswa (data fusion) kuti pave nekunzwisisa kwakazara. Izvi zvinovandudza kugona kuona madutu, kutarisa kusanaya kwemvura, uye kufanotaura mafashamo.
Mhedzisiro yakananga: kubva pakufanotaura kusvika kuhurongwa hweveruzhinji
Kugadziriswa kweWMO kwave nemhedzisiro chaiyo. Chekutanga, kufanotaura kwemamiriro ekunze kwave kwakarurama nekuti mamodheru epasi rose anogamuchira data rakafanana. Chechipiri, yambiro dzekutanga dzenjodzi - dzakadai semadutu emuchadenga, mafashamo, mafungu ekupisa, uye moto wemusango - dzave nenguva uye dzinoyerwa. Chechitatu, ongororo yemamiriro ekunze yekuchinja uye kugadzirisa mamiriro ekunze yave yakasimba nekuti data rekare rinogona kuenzaniswa munyika nemakumi emakore.
Muchikamu chehupfumi, kurongeka kwedata kunotsigira kushanda zvakanaka kwezvinhu, kuchengetedzeka kwekufambisa, uye kuronga simba rinogona kushandiswazve, izvo zvinovimba zvakanyanya nedata remwaranzi yemhepo nezuva. Muhutano, data remamiriro ekunze rakajairwa rinobatsira kuratidza njodzi yezvirwere zvine chekuita nemamiriro ekunze uye kukanganisa kwemafungu ekupisa.
Matambudziko nemirairo yeramangwana
Kunyangwe WMO yakavaka hwaro hwemitemo yepasi rose, matambudziko achiripo. Chekutanga, misiyano pakati penyika inoreva kuti kushandiswa kwemitemo hakusi kwakaenzana nguva dzose. Dzimwe nyika dzinosangana nemiganho muzvivakwa zvekutarisa, mari yekuchengetedza masensa, kana vashandi vakadzidziswa. Chechipiri, kuwanda kwedata kubva kuInternet of Things (IoT), masensa anodhura zvishoma, uye kuwanikwa kwedata revanhu vakawanda zvinomutsa mubvunzo: tingava sei nechokwadi chekuti rakanaka uye rinoenderana nemitemo yeWMO? Chechitatu, kudiwa kwedata repamusoro-soro, renguva chaiyo kumaguta makuru kunoda masisitimu ekuchinjana data anokurumidza uye akachengeteka.
WMO inoramba ichikurudzira kuvandudzwa kwezvinodiwa zvedata kuti zvienderane nekufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, kusanganisira kushanda pamwe chete kwedata rakavhurika, masisitimu edhijitari anochinjika, uye kubatanidzwa kwenzvimbo dzakawanda. Chinangwa chinoramba chiri chimwe chete: kuona kuti data remamiriro ekunze neremvura rakavimbika uye kugona kurishandisa mhiri kwemiganhu.
Mhedziso
Basa reWorld Meteorological Organisation mukuenzanisa data ndiyo musimboti wekushandira pamwe kwepasi rose mumamiriro ekunze, mamiriro ekunze, nemvura. Kubva pamatanho ekuyera uye metadata kusvika pakuchinjana data uye manejimendi yemhando, WMO inovimbisa kuti ruzivo rwunoburitswa nenyika dzakasiyana runogona kubatanidzwa uye kushandiswa nguva dzose. Pakupedzisira, kuenzanisa hakungogadzirisi chete kururama kwekufanotaura sainzi netekinoroji asiwo kunoponesa hupenyu, kunodzivirira midziyo, uye kunobatsira nyika kugadzirisa matambudziko emamiriro ekunze akaoma.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kugadzirisa chinyorwa ichi kuti chienderane nemaitiro akazara edzidzo ane mareferensi, kana kutarisa hurukuro pane chimwe chinhu (semuenzaniso metadata standards, WMO data exchange system, kana QMS yemasangano ezvemamiriro ekunze enyika).
