Nheyo Dzekutanga dzeKushanduka Kwemhepo: Kufumura Zvakavanzika zveChisikwa Zvinotungamira Mamiriro Ekunze uye Mamiriro Ekunze
Mhepo yepasi ine magasi anofukidza pasi uye inoita basa rakakosha mukuona mamiriro ekunze nemamiriro ekunze atinosangana nawo zuva nezuva. Kunzwisisa misimboti yekutanga yekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kwakakosha pakutsanangura zviitiko zvemamiriro ekunze zvakaoma uye zvakasiyana-siyana, kubva kumhepo ine simba kusvika kumadutu ane simba. Chinyorwa chino chichatsanangura hwaro hwekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze , kusanganisira misimboti yepanyama inodzora kufamba kwemhepo mumhepo, zvinhu zvikuru zvinodzora, uye zviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana zvine chekuita nehupenyu hwepasi.
1. Zvikamu Zvikuru zveMhepo
Mhepo inoumbwa nemusanganiswa wemagasi akasiyana-siyana, anosanganisira nitrogen (78%), okisijeni (21%), argon (0,93%), uye mamwe magasi madiki akadai secarbon dioxide ne neon. Pamusoro pemagasi, mhepo inewo zvidimbu zveguruva, mvura, uye zvinosvibisa. Mumhepo yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, uye thermosphere. Troposphere, chikamu chakaderera, chinosvika makiromita angangoita 10-15 kubva pamusoro pePasi, ndipo panoitika zviitiko zvakawanda zvemamiriro ekunze.
2. Nheyo dzekutanga dzeKushanduka kweMhepo
Kuchinja-chinja kwemhepo kunosanganisira kudzidza kufamba kwemhepo nemasimba anoshanda pairi. Misimboti mikuru iri pasi pekuchinja-chinja kwemhepo inosanganisira:
a. Mutemo Wechipiri waNewton
Sezvinoita mu fluid dynamics, Mutemo wechipiri waNewton (F = ma) unogadziriswa kuita equation yekufamba kutsanangura kufamba kwemhepo mumhepo. Kukurumidza (a) kwemhepo kunoenderana nesimba (F) rinoshanda pairi rakakamurwa nehuremu (m) hwemhepo. Masimba makuru anokanganisa kufamba kwemhepo anosanganisira kumanikidzwa, simba reCoriolis, simba rinokwevera pasi, uye kukweshana.
b. Kuenzana Kwekuenderera Mberi (Kuchengetedza Misa)
Equation yekuenderera mberi inotaura kuti huremu hwemhepo hahugone kugadzirwa kana kuparadzwa. Nokudaro, shanduko muhuremu hwemhepo mukati mehuwandu hwakapihwa dzinofanira kuenzaniswa nekuyerera kwehuremu hwemhepo ichipinda kana kubuda muhuwandu ihwohwo. Equation iyi inokosha pakutsanangura convection uye kutenderera kwemhepo.
c. Thermodynamic Energy Equation
Mhepo inotenderera isystem yethermodynamic umo simba rinogona kutamiswa muchimiro chekupisa, mashandiro emakanika, uye mwaranzi. Iyo thermodynamic energy equation inotaura kuenzana kwesimba pakati pebasa, kupisa, uye shanduko musimba remukati memhepo.
d. Equation yeMomentum Driving
Chiyero che momentum driving equation chinotsanangura kuti mhepo inochinja sei nekuda kwemasimba ekunze. Shanduko idzi dzakakosha pakunzwisisa zviitiko zvakaita semhepo, madutu, nemadutu.
3. Zvinhu Zvikuru Zvinodzora
Zvinhu zvikuru zvakawanda zvinodzora mashandiro emhepo, zvinoti:
a. Mwaranzi yezuva
Mwaranzi yezuva ndiyo inonyanya kushandisa simba remhepo yepasi rose . Kupisa kusina kuenzana kwezuva kunokonzera kusiyana kwekupisa pakati penzvimbo dzakasiyana pasi rose, zvichigadzira kumanikidzwa kwemhepo kunokonzera kufamba kwemhepo (mhepo).
b. Kutenderera kwepasi
Kutenderera kwenyika kunokonzera simba reCoriolis, iro rinodzivisa kufamba kwemhepo. MuNorthern Hemisphere, mhepo inotsauswa kurudyi, nepo muSouthern Hemisphere, mhepo inotsauswa kuruboshwe. Simba iri rinokosha mukugadzira mamiriro ekunze uye mafungu egungwa pasi rose.
c. Kudzvanywa kweGradient
Kufamba kwemhepo kubva kunzvimbo dzine kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kuenda kunzvimbo dzine kumanikidzwa kwakaderera kunogadzira mhepo . Musiyano mukuru wekumanikidzwa (kumanikidzwa kwegirinhi), ndiwo simba guru rinobuda.
d. Kureba kweNyika
Makomo, mipata, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzine simba pamhepo nemamiriro ekunze emunharaunda. Mhepo inoyerera pamusoro pemakomo inogona kukwira, kutonhora, uye kugadzira makore nemvura munzvimbo dzine makomo.
4. Zviitiko Zvakafanana
Kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kunotsanangura mamiriro ekunze akasiyana-siyana atinoona kakawanda, kusanganisira:
a. Mhepo neNzizi dzeJet
Mhepo kufamba kwemhepo kana tichienzanisa nepamusoro penyika kunokonzerwa nekumanikidzwa kwemhepo. Majeti streams imhepo ine simba inoyerera mu troposphere yepamusoro, kazhinji pamuganhu uri pakati pemhepo inodziya neinotonhora.
b. Kutenderera kweMadzi
Kutenderera kwemvura kunotsanangura kufamba kwemvura pakati pemakungwa, mhepo, nenyika kuburikidza nekufamba kwemvura, kuumbwa kwemvura, kunaya kwemvura, uye kuyerera kwemvura. Maitiro aya anokanganisa mamiriro ekunze uye kuwanda kwemvura pasi rose.
c. Madutu emunzvimbo dzinopisa uye madutu
Madutu emuchadenga nemadutu masisitimu ane simba rakaderera anozivikanwa nemhepo ine simba, mvura yakawanda, nezvimwe zviitiko zvemamiriro ekunze akaipisisa . Kuumbwa kwemadutu emuchadenga kunoda tembiricha inodziya pamusoro pegungwa, hunyoro hwemhepo yakawanda, uye chimiro chemhepo chakanaka.
d. Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Ekunze
Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze pasi rose kunokonzerwa nekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, kusanganisira kuchinja kwekupisa, maitiro ekunaya kwemvura, uye kuwanda uye kusimba kwezviitiko zvemamiriro ekunze akaipisisa. Magasi ekupisa akadai secarbon dioxide anobata kupisa mumhepo, zvichikonzera kudziya kwepasi rose.
5. Zvishandiso zveKucherechedza uye Nzira dzeKuongorora
Kuti vadzidze uye vafanotaura mashandiro emuchadenga, masayendisiti anoshandisa maturusi nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, dzinosanganisira:
a. Bharuni reMamiriro ekunze
Mabharumu emamiriro ekunze ane zvishandiso zvinoyera tembiricha, hunyoro, kumanikidzwa, uye kumhanya kwemhepo pakukwirira kwakasiyana-siyana. Data iri rinoshandiswa kugadzira ma profiles akatwasuka emhepo.
b. Satellite yezvemamiriro ekunze
Masetiraiti emamiriro ekunze anotarisa mamiriro ekunze ePasi kubva muchadenga, achipa mifananidzo neruzivo pamusoro pemakore, kunaya kwemvura, uye mamiriro ekunze epasi rose.
c. Muenzaniso weNhamba
Mamodheru emakombiyuta enhamba anoshandisa masvomhu ekuenzanisa mamiriro ekunze. Mamodheru aya anobatsira kufanotaura mamiriro ekunze kwenguva pfupi uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze yenguva refu.
6. Matambudziko uye Mashandisirwo
Kunzwisisa mamiriro ekunze kune matambudziko makuru esainzi, asi kunewo mashandisirwo akakosha. Semuenzaniso, kufanotaura mamiriro ekunze kwakarurama kunobatsira mukuronga kurima, kutakurwa kwezvinhu, uye kuderedza njodzi dzechisikigo. Uyezve, kunzwisisa mamiriro ekunze uye maitiro emamiriro ekunze kunotsigira kuedza kuderedza mhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye kuona kuti nharaunda inogara kwenguva refu.
Mhedziso
Kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze isayenzi yakaoma inosanganisira misimboti yakawanda yemuviri, zvinhu zvinodzora, uye zviitiko zvine hukama. Nekudzidza misimboti mikuru yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani uye kufanotaura mamiriro ekunze nemamiriro ekunze anokanganisa pasi redu zuva nezuva. Kunzwisisa uku kwakakosha kwete chete kune sainzi asiwo kune hupenyu hwevanhu uye kugara zvakanaka kwePasi.
