Mhedzisiro yeZuva paMafambiro eMuchadenga
Zuva ndiro simba guru rePasi. Mamiriro ese ekunze nemamiriro ekunze—kubva pakuumbwa kwemakore, mvura, nemhepo kusvika pakutenderera kwemhepo pasi rose—anobva mukugoverwa nekusiyana kwesimba rezuva rinogamuchirwa nepamusoro pePasi nemhepo. Sezvo simba iri richitorwa, richiratidzwa, uye richiendeswa kuburikidza nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzemuviri, mhepo inova "muchina" unofamba nguva dzose. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora kuti Zuva rinopesvedzera sei mamiriro ekunze, pamatanho ezuva nezuva, emwaka, uye enguva refu.
1. Mwaranzi yezuva ndiyo inonyanya kukonzera mhepo
Simba reZuva rinosvika paNyika muchimiro chemwaranzi yeshortwave, kunyanya munzvimbo dzinoonekwa uye dze ultraviolet. Rimwe remwaranzi iyi rinodzoserwa muchadenga nemakore, maaerosols, uye nzvimbo dzakajeka dzakadai sechando (maitiro aya ekuratidzira ane chekuita ne albedo). Yasara inotorwa nepamusoro penyika, makungwa, nezvimwe zvikamu zvemumhepo, uko inoshandurwa kuita kupisa.
Kupisa kubva mumwaranzi yezuva hakuna kuenzana. Chimiro cheNyika chakaita sedenderedzwa, saka nzvimbo dzinopisa dzinowana mwaranzi yakawanda kupfuura nzvimbo dzakakwirira. Uyezve, kurereka kwepasi kunokonzera kusiyana kwemwaka: muzhizha, imwe hemisphere inowana simba rakawanda, nepo imwe ichiwana shoma. Kusawirirana uku mukupisa kunokurudzira kufamba kwemhepo: mhepo inodziya inowanzo kukwira, mhepo inotonhorera inowanzo kunyura, uye kusiyana kwekumanikidzwa kunokonzerwa nako kunokonzera mhepo.
2. Kupisa kwakasiyana-siyana uye kuumbwa kwegradient yekumanikidzwa
Imwe yepfungwa huru dzekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze ndeyekudzvanywa kwemhepo (musiyano wekudzvanywa pakati penzvimbo). Kana nzvimbo ichidziya, mhepo inowedzera, huwandu hwayo hunoderera, uye kudzvanywa pakukwirira kwakati kwakati kunogona kuchinja. Musiyano uyu mukupisa pakati penyika negungwa, pakati penzvimbo dzinopisa nedzinodzika, kana pakati pemasikati nehusiku unogadzira kudzvanywa kwemhepo kunobva kwaita kuti mhepo ifambe. Mhepo ndiyo mhinduro yemhepo ku "kuenzanisa" misiyano iyi.
Muenzaniso wakajeka unoitika munzvimbo dziri kumahombekombe: masikati, nyika inopisa nekukurumidza kupfuura gungwa, zvichiita kuti mhepo iri pamusoro penyika ikwire uye kumanikidzwa kuderera. Mhepo inotonhorera inobva kugungwa inofamba ichienda kunyika, ichigadzira mhepo yegungwa. Husiku, nyika inotonhora nekukurumidza, kumanikidzwa kunowedzera, uye mhepo inofamba kubva panyika ichienda kugungwa (mhepo yepasi). Kutenderera kwezuva nezuva uku muenzaniso wakapfava wekuti kusiyana kwemwaranzi yezuva kunodzora sei mashandiro emhepo yemuno.
3. Kutenderera kwepasi rose: Masero eHadley, Ferrel, uye Polar
Pasi rose, kusawirirana kwesimba pakati penzvimbo dzinopisa nedzinodzika kunoita kuti pave nehurongwa hukuru hwekutenderera kwemhepo. Mhepo inodziya yakakomberedza equator inokwira, ichiumba nzvimbo dzine kumanikidzwa kwakaderera uye convection yakasimba. Mhepo iyi inokwira inobva yaenda kunzvimbo dzakakwirira mu troposphere yepamusoro, yotonhorera, yodzika inenge 30° latitude muzvikamu zvese zviri zviviri. Iyi patani inozivikanwa seHadley cell.
Pakati pema latitudes, pane masero eFerrel akaomarara, anokanganiswa zvakanyanya nemaitiro emhepo ine simba uye kudyidzana nejet stream. Pama latitudes akakwirira, Polar Cell inoumbwa kana mhepo inotonhora ichidzika munzvimbo dze polar, ichienda kunzvimbo dzakaderera dziri pedyo nepamusoro pevhu, uye yozosangana nemhepo inodziya pamberi pe polar.
Dai pasina simba guru reZuva munzvimbo dzinopisa kupfuura mumakomo, kutenderera uku kwepasi rose kwaisazovapo sezvatinozviziva. Iyi sisitimu ndiyo zvakare iri pasi pekupararira kwemvura inonaya pasi rose: nzvimbo dzemuequatorial dzinowanzova dzakanyorova uye dzinonaya mvura, nepo nzvimbo dziri pedyo ne30° latitude dzinowanzova dzakaoma (magwenga makuru mazhinji ari munzvimbo iyi).
4. Basa rekutenderera kweNyika uye mhedzisiro yeCoriolis
Zuva rinokonzeresa mutsauko wekupisa nekumanikidzwa, asi maitiro emhepo anobuda haafambi zvakananga kubva pakumanikidzwa kwakakwirira kuenda kudiki. Kutenderera kwenyika kunokonzera Coriolis effect, iyo inotsausa huwandu hwemhepo kurudyi muhemisphere yekuchamhembe uye kuruboshwe muhemisphere yekuchamhembe. Izvi zvinoguma nekuumbwa kwemhepo dzekutengeserana munzvimbo dzinopisa, kumadokero mumipata iri pakati, uye jet stream mumhepo yepamusoro.
Majeti streams akakosha pakuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze nekuti anotungamira nzira dzemadutu uye anokanganisa kufamba kwemasisitimu ane kumanikidzwa kwakaderera uye kwakakwira. Kunyangwe hazvo Coriolis effect inobva mukutenderera kwePasi, simba nenzvimbo yemajeti streams zvakabatana zvakanyanya nekupisa kwakanyanya, izvo zvinozopedzisira zvasarudzwa nekupararira kwesimba rezuva.
5. Utsi hwemvura, makore, uye kuburitswa kwekupisa kwakavanzika
Kupisa kwezuva kunotungamirawo kutenderera kwemvura. Kana makungwa nenzvimbo dzakanyorova zvichitora simba, mvura inopwa. Utsi hwemvura hunokwira hunobva hwaita makore nemvura. Maitiro aya ekupwanya mvura anoburitsa kupisa kwakavanzika mumhepo, zvichisimbisa kutenderera kwemhepo uye zvinogona kukonzera kuumbwa kwedutu.
Munzvimbo dzinopisa, simba guru reZuva rinoshandiswa pakupwanya mvura, rozoburitswa sekupisa kwakahwanda panguva yemvura. Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero nei madutu emuchadenga nemasisitimu makuru emhepo akasimba: Zuva "rinochaja" sisitimu kuburikidza nemakungwa anodziya, uye mhepo "inodzosa" simba panguva yekudziya kwemvura.
Makore ane mabasa maviri: anoratidza mwaranzi yezuva, nokudaro achitonhodza pamusoro, uye anobata mwaranzi ye infrared kubva pamusoro, nokudaro achidziisa mhepo (greenhouse effect). Kudyidzana uku kunoita kuti simba reZuva pamhepo rive rakaoma, sezvo makore achigona kuwedzera kana kuderedza kudziya zvichienderana nerudzi rwawo, kureba, uye ukobvu.
6. Kuchinja-chinja kwezuva uye kukanganisa kwaro mumhepo
Kuwedzera pakusiyana kwezuva nezuva uye mwaka nekuda kwe geometry yeNyika, Zuva pacharo rinosiyanawo musimba rinobuda, kunyangwe riri diki. Kushanda kwezuva kunotevera kutenderera kwemakore angangoita gumi nerimwe, kunoratidzwa nekuchinja kwehuwandu hwemapopo ezuva uye ultraviolet flux. Kusiyana uku kunogona kukanganisa mhepo yepamusoro (stratosphere nethermosphere) zvakanyanya kupfuura pamusoro, nekuti mwaranzi ye ultraviolet inotorwa ne ozone nemamwe magasi ari pakakwirira.
Kuchinja kwekudziya kwepasi kunogona kukanganisa maitiro emhepo nemafungu emumhepo, izvo zvinozo "donhera" mu troposphere pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu. Zvisinei, mumamiriro ekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kwemazuva ano, mupiro wekusiyana-siyana kwezuva kune mafambiro enguva refu ekudziya kwepasi rose kunoonekwa sediki pane simba remagasi egreenhouse anokonzereswa nevanhu. Kunyange zvakadaro, kusiyana kwezuva kuchiri kukosha pakunzwisisa kushanduka-shanduka kwemamiriro ekunze echisikigo uye mafambiro emhepo epamusoro.
7. Kudyidzana kweZuva nemagnetosphere nemamiriro ekunze emuchadenga
Zuva haringoburitsi chiedza nekupisa chete, asiwo mhepo yezuva nezvidimbu zvinotsvairwa zvinogona kusangana nemagnetosphere yePasi. Zviitiko zvakaita semadutu egeomagnetic zvinogona kukanganisa ionosphere, kutaurirana neredhiyo, kufamba kwesatellite, uye magetsi anokonzerwa pamusoro. Kunyange zvazvo simba razvo pamamiriro ekunze ezuva nezuva mutroposphere risiri rakananga uye richiri nzvimbo yakaoma yekutsvagisa, mhedzisiro yazvo pamasimba emudenga ekumusoro yakakosha zvakajeka.
Kupisa mu thermosphere panguva ye geomagnetic activity kunogona kuchinja density yemhepo yepamusoro, izvo zvinokanganisa kudhonzwa kwesatellite. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti "atmospheric dynamics" haina chekuita chete nemamiriro ekunze atinosangana nawo pamusoro, asiwo nemamiriro ekunze ari pamusoro mumhepo.
8. Kesimpulan
Kuchinja kwemhepo ndiko kupindura kunoita mhepo yepasi pasi kusimba rezuva. Kusawirirana kwekupisa kunogadzira kumanikidzwa, kunogadzira mhepo uye kutenderera kwepasi rose, kunowedzera kutenderera kwemhepo, kunotungamira kutenderera kwemvura, uye kunokanganisa kuumbwa kwemakore nedutu. Kutenderera kwepasi kunodzivirira kufamba kwemhepo, zvichiita kuti pave nemhepo yakaoma, ukuwo kusiyana kwemabasa ezuva kuchichinja mamiriro ekunze, kunyanya mumhepo yepamusoro.
Kunzwisisa mashandiro anoita Zuva mumhepo kunotibatsira kuverenga maitiro emamiriro ekunze, kududzira kusiyana kwemamiriro ekunze, uye kutogadzirira kukanganisa kwemamiriro ekunze emuchadenga patekinoroji yemazuva ano. Nemamwe mashoko, patinotaura nezvemhepo, mvura, nemadutu, tiri kutaura kuti mhepo "inoshandisa" sei simba rezuva rinowira pasi pano zuva rega rega.
