Chidzidzo pamusoro peRed Tide Phenomena: Kufumura Zvakavanzika zveMaruva Anokuvadza eAlgal
ziviso
Mafungu matsvuku, anozivikanwawo semabhurumu emvura anokuvadza (HABs), chiitiko chemugungwa chinoratidzwa nekuwanda kwemarudzi ealgae anogona kukonzera kukanganisa kukuru kwezvakatipoteredza, hupfumi, uye hutano. Zita rekuti "mafungu matsvuku" rinobva pakutsvuka kweruvara rwemvura kunokonzerwa nehuwandu hwakawanda hwetupukanana twakapendwa. Izvi zvinhu zvinotsvagwa zvakanyanya uye zvinofarirwa nenyanzvi dzezvebhayoloji dzemugungwa, masayendisiti ezvakatipoteredza, uye nyanzvi dzehutano hweveruzhinji nekuda kwemhedzisiro yazvo yakakura. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora kuoma kwemafungu matsvuku, kuongorora zvikonzero zvawo, mhedzisiro yawo, uye kutsvagurudza kuripo pari zvino mumatanho ekuderedza dambudziko iri.
Biology yeRed Tides
Mafungu matsvuku anonyanya kukonzerwa nekukura kwezvipenyu zvemadinoflagellates, rudzi rwealgae diki diki. Mamwe emhando dzemafungu matsvuku anozivikanwa zvikuru anosanganisira Karenia brevis, Alexandrium fudyense, uye Gymnodinium catenatum. Zvipenyu izvi zvinokura zvakanaka mumamiriro ezvinhu ane zvinovaka muviri zvakaita senitrogen nephosphorus zvakawanda, kazhinji nekuda kwemvura inoyerera muminda, tsvina yetsvina, nezvimwe zviitiko zvevanhu zvinovandudza masisitimu egungwa.
MaDinoflagellates ane hunhu hwakasiyana hunobatsira pakukwanisa kwawo kuumba maruva. Ane flagella, maumbirwo akafanana newhip anoshandiswa pakufamba, uye anogona kuita photosynthesis. Kuchinjika uku kunoita kuti akwanise kushandisa mamiriro akasiyana-siyana ezvakatipoteredza. Mamwe marudzi ane bioluminescent uye anogadzira chepfu inokuvadza zvipenyu zvemugungwa nevanhu, chiratidzo chezviitiko zvakawanda zvema "red tide".
Mamiriro Ezvakatipoteredza uye Ehupfumi
Kukanganiswa kwemvura inoyerera mugungwa negungwa kunogona kukanganisa zvikuru nharaunda. Chepfu inogadzirwa nemamwe ma dinoflagellates ine simba guru rekuuraya hove dzakawanda, zvichikanganisa nharaunda dzese dzemugungwa. Kufa kwehove dzakawanda nezvimwe zvipenyu zvemugungwa kunokanganisa mawebhu ezvekudya uye kunochinja kuenzana kwenzvimbo dzemugungwa. Pamusoro pezvo, kuora kwezvisikwa zvakafa kunotungamira kumamiriro ekunze ane oxygen shoma, zvichiwedzera kushungurudza kana kuuraya zvipenyu zvemugungwa.
Panyaya dzehupfumi, ma "red tides" anokanganisa hove, kushanya, uye hutano hwevanhu, zvichikonzera kurasikirwa kukuru kwemari. Bhizinesi rehove rinotambura nekuderera kwehuwandu hwehove uye mukana wekuti hove dzive dzakasvibiswa. Bhizinesi rekushanya rinotambura kana mahombekombe akavharwa nekuda kwema "red tides", uye hupfumi hwenzvimbo hunovimba nemitambo yekuvaraidza yakaita sekushambira, kukwira chikepe, uye kubata hove hunodzikira. Hutano hwevanhu hunonetsawo, sezvo kudyiwa kwehove dzakasvibiswa kunogona kutungamira kuzvirwere zvakakomba, zvakaita se "paralytic shellfish poisoning" uye "neurotoxic shellfish poisoning".
Zvinoreva Utano
Hutano hwevanhu chinhu chinonyanya kushungurudza panguva yezviitiko zvema "red tide". Ma "aerosols" ane chepfu ye "algal" anogona kubuda mumhepo uye kukonzera matambudziko ekufema kuvanhu vanogara munzvimbo dziri kumahombekombe. Zviratidzo zvinogona kusanganisira kukosora, kuhotsira, kukwenya pahuro, uye kune avo vane matambudziko ekufema kare, zviratidzo zvakanyanya senge asthma. Uyezve, chepfu dzinogadzirwa ne "algae" dzinogona kuungana mu "shellfish", zvichikonzera njodzi kune avo vanodya hove dzakasvibiswa. Chepfu ye "shellfish" inogona kuratidza zviratidzo zvakasiyana-siyana, kubva pakurwadziwa kwemudumbu kusvika kumatambudziko etsinga uye kunyange kufa muzviitiko zvakakomba.
Zvikonzero uye Zvinopa Zvinhu
Mafungu matsvuku chiitiko chakaoma chinokanganiswa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakatipoteredza. Vanhu vakakosha vanosanganisira:
1. Kuwedzerwa Kwezvinovaka Muviri: Zvinovaka muviri zvakawandisa zvinobva mukuyerera kwemvura muzvirimwa, tsvina, uye zvinobuda mumaindasitiri zvinokurudzira kukura kwemaruva emumagaka.
2. Kupisa Kwemvura: Mvura inodziya inopa nzvimbo yakanaka yekuti mhando dzakawanda dzemafungu matsvuku dziwande.
3. Kuwanikwa kwechiedza: Algae inoda chiedza chezuva kuti iite photosynthesis. Kuchinja kwekuchena kwemvura kunogona kukanganisa mashandiro emaruva.
4. Munyu: Mhando dzemadhaka matsvuku dzine mwero wemunyu chaiwo kuti dzikure zvakanaka. Kuchinja kwemunyu kubva mumvura yakachena kana zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kukanganisa kuumbwa kwemaruva.
5. Mafungu eGungwa: Mafungu egungwa anogona kusanganisa masero ealgal munzvimbo dzakati wandei, zvichikurudzira kuumbwa kwemaruva uye kuramba achikura.
Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kuri kuwedzera zvinhu izvi, sezvo kukwira kwekushisa kwepasi rose, kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, uye kuwanda kwezviitiko zvemamiriro ekunze akaipisisa zvichikonzera zviitiko zvemafungu matsvuku zvakanyanya uye zvakanyanya.
Kutsvaga Kwazvino uye Maitiro Ekuderedza Dambudziko
Kunzwisisa nekuderedza matambudziko emvura inotonhora idambudziko rine mativi akawanda rinoda tsvakiridzo yekushandira pamwe chete muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana. Nzvimbo dzetsvakiridzo dziripo dzinosanganisira:
1. Kutarisa neKufanotaura: Kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji mumifananidzo yesatellite, kuona zviri kure, uye zvishandiso zvegungwa zviri kuwedzera kugona kwedu kuongorora nekufanotaura mafungu matsvuku. Kuona nekukurumidza uye masisitimu ekunyevera zvakakosha pakuderedza kukanganisa kuhutano hwevanhu nehupfumi hwenzvimbo.
2. Kudzora Zvipenyu: Vaongorori vari kutsvaga mukana wekushandisa zvikara zvechisikigo kana makwikwi ealgae anokuvadza kudzora kuwanda kwemaruva. Semuenzaniso, mamwe mabhakitiriya kana mamwe mabhakitiriya anogona kudzivirira kukura kwemadinoflagellates.
3. Kudzora Makemikoro: Kushandiswa kwemishonga yealgaecides ndeimwe nzvimbo yekutsvagisa. Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwayo kunofanirwa kutarisirwa nokungwarira kudzivirira migumisiro isingatarisirwi yezvakatipoteredza.
4. Kutarisira Zvinovaka Muviri: Kuderedza zvinovaka muviri mumvura dziri kumahombekombe kuburikidza nekurima kuri nani, kugadzirisa marara, uye kugadzirisa mvura ine mvura kunogona kubatsira kuderedza mamiriro ezvinhu anokonzera mafungu matsvuku.
5. Zvidzidzo zveMajini: Kunzwisisa majini emhando dzealgae dzinokuvadza kunogona kupa ruzivo rwekukura kwadzo, nzira dzekugadzira chepfu, uye kusasimba kwadzo. Tsvagiridzo yemajini inogona kutungamira kune nzira itsva dzekudzora kana kuderedza maruva.
6. Dzidzo yeVeruzhinji neMutemo: Kushanda pamwe nekudzidzisa veruzhinji nevanoita mitemo nezvezvikonzero, migumisiro, uye kuderedza mafungu matsvuku kwakakosha. Mitemo yakanangana nekuderedza kusvibiswa kwezvinovaka muviri, kuchengetedza nzvimbo dzegungwa, uye kutsvaga mari mukutsvaga zvakakosha kuti pave nemhinduro dzenguva refu.
mhedziso
Mafungu matsvuku ane dambudziko guru rine kukanganisa kukuru panharaunda dzegungwa, hupfumi, uye hutano hwevanhu. Kunyange hazvo paine kufambira mberi kukuru kwakaitwa mukunzwisisa zvinokonzeresa zviitiko izvi zvehupenyu nezvakatipoteredza, zvakawanda zvichiri kuda kuitwa. Tsvagiridzo inoenderera mberi, pamwe nekutarisira nekushingaira uye kubatanidzwa neveruzhinji, zvakakosha mukuderedza kukanganisa kwemafungu matsvuku uye kuchengetedza nharaunda dzedu dzemahombekombe. Nekushanda pamwe chete, tinogona kutarisira kuderedza kuwanda uye kuoma kwemaruva ane njodzi uye kuchengetedza hutano nemararamiro evaya vanovimba negungwa.
