Nhoroondo yeKubudirira kweNgarava dzepasi pemvura
Gungwa, rakakura uye risati ramboongororwa, rave richiratidza mukana wekuti vanhu vasafambe nechikepe. Kwemazana emakore, vanhu vanga vachida kwete kungofamba pamusoro paro chete asiwo kuongorora zvakadzika zviri pasi paro. Kutsvaga uku kwakatungamira pakugadzirwa kwengarava yepasi pemvura, chinhu chitsva chakachinja zvinoshamisa hondo dzemugungwa, kuongorora kwesainzi, uye mainjiniya emumvura. Nhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kwengarava yepasi pemvura rwendo runonakidza, runoratidza hunyanzvi hwevanhu, kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji, uye kutsvaga kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwemvura.
Zviroto Zvekare uye Kutanga Kwekare
Pfungwa yekufamba pasi pemvura ndeyekare, nemagwaro enhoroondo anoratidza kuti kare muzana remakore rechina BC, muzivi wechiGiriki Alexander the Great anonzi akashandisa bhero rekunyura rekare kuti anyure pasi pegungwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, kuedza uku kwekutanga kwaive kushoma uye kwaive kwekare, kuchishanda sekukurudzira hunyanzvi hwemangwana pane semotokari dzinoshanda dzepasi pemvura.
Mazana emakore e16 kusvika ku18: Nheyo dzepfungwa
Nguva yeRenaissance, yakaratidzwa nekuwanikwa kwesainzi uye magadzirirwo ekufungidzira, ndiyo yakaisa hwaro hwepfungwa dzengarava dzepasi pemvura dzemazuva ano. Leonardo da Vinci akadhirowa magadzirirwo echikepe chinonyudzwa mumvura, achiratidza kufarira kwekutanga kufamba pasi pemvura. Zvisinei, magadzirirwo ake haana kumbobvira awanikwa muhupenyu hwake.
Kuedza kwekutanga kwakanyorwa kwekugadzira mota inonyudzwa mumvura kwakaitika muna 1620, apo Cornelius Drebbel, muvambi wekuDutch, akagadzira "chikepe chekunyudza" chaMambo James I weEngland. Achishandisa chikepe chakagadziriswa chakafukidzwa nedehwe rakazorwa mafuta uye sisitimu yemachubhu emhepo, chikepe chaDrebbel chinonzi chaigona kugara pasi pemvura kwemaawa, kunyangwe chaingoshanda pasi peRwizi Thames. Izvi zvakaratidza danho rekutanga kubva pakugadzira dzidziso kusvika pakuratidza kwechokwadi.
Zana remakore rechi19: Kuvandudza Maindasitiri uye Kuvandudza Zvinhu
Kufambira mberi kweindasitiri kwakaunza shanduko huru muinjiniya nezvinhu, zvichikurudzira kugadzirwa kwengarava dzemugungwa. Munguva yeHondo yeVanhu vekuAmerica, Confederate States of America yakavaka HL Hunley, ngarava yepasi pemvura inofambiswa nevanhu. Muna 1864, ngarava yeHunley yakanyudza USS Housatonic, ichiva ndiyo ngarava yekutanga yepasi pemvura kunyudza ngarava yemuvengi muhondo. Zvinosuwisa kuti, Hunley pachayo yakarasika nguva pfupi yadarika, zvichiratidza njodzi dzekushanda kwekutanga kwengarava dzemugungwa.
Panguva imwe chete, vagadziri vekuEurope vakatevera hunyanzvi hwekugadzira ngarava dzemugungwa. Muna 1800, mainjiniya wekuAmerica Robert Fulton, aishanda kuFrance, akagadzira nekuvaka Nautilus. Pasinei nekugadzirwa kwayo kwehunyanzvi, kusanganisira mast inopetwa uye propeller ine makona emaoko, Nautilus haina kugamuchirwa nevanhu vakawanda.
Chikamu chekupedzisira chezana remakore rechi19 chakaona kufambira mberi kukuru nekuvandudzwa kwengarava dzepasi pemvura dzekutanga dzinoshandisa simba remhepo. Muna 1878, John Philip Holland, mainjiniya wekuIreland, akagadzira Holland VI, iyo yakava ngarava yekutanga yepasi pemvura yemazuva ano yakarayirwa neUS Navy muna 1900. Dhizaini yeHolland yaisanganisira zvinhu zvakakosha zvakaita seinjini yepeturu yekufamba pamusoro pemvura, mota dzemagetsi dzekufambisa mumvura, uye chubhu yetorpedo, zvichigadzira muenzaniso wehondo dzepasi pemvura dzemazuva ano.
Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20: Ngarava dzepasi pemvura muHondo neRugare
Kuvandudzwa kwengarava dzemugungwa kwakakurumidza kukura pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, zvichikonzerwa zvikuru nehondo yemugungwa. Munguva yeHondo Yenyika I, ngarava dzemugungwa, kunyanya ngarava dzemugungwa dzeU-boats dzemuGermany, dzakaratidza kugona kwadzo kwehondo. Ngarava idzi dzemugungwa dzakaparadzwa nekumanikidza kuvharwa kwengarava uye kukanganisa nzira dzekutakura zvinhu, zvikaita kuti pave nekurasikirwa kukuru uye zvichikonzera nguva yehondo pasi pegungwa. Kunyudzwa kweRMS Lusitania nengarava yemugungwa yeU-boats yemuGerman muna 1915 kwakaratidza kushanda kwakaipa kwengarava dzemugungwa.
Kufambira mberi kwehondo pakati pehondo kwakawedzera tekinoroji yepasi pemvura. Masisitimu ekufambisa edhiziri nemagetsi anova emhando yepamusoro, zvichivandudza kutsungirira kwemvura pasi pemvura uye nzvimbo yekushanda. Magadzirirwo epropeller ine pitch inoshanduka uye magadzirirwo ehull akabatsira pakuita zvakanaka kwehydrodynamic.
Hondo Yenyika II yakaona kuwedzera kusingaenzaniswi muhondo dzepasi pegungwa. Mauto eU-boat eGermany akatyisidzira zvakare ngarava dzeAllied muHondo yeAtlantic. Matekinoroji matsva, akadai sesonar nematorpedo epamusoro, akavandudza kugona kwekuona nekurwisa. Mauto eAllied akavandudzawo, ne "ngarava dzepasi pegungwa" dzeUS Navy dzichishanda muPacific Theater, dzichiongorora nekunyudza ngarava dzeJapan.
Nguva yeHondo Yemashoko: Chimurenga cheNyukireya
Nguva yapashure peHondo Yenyika II yakaratidzwa neCold War, nguva yekukwikwidzana kukuru pakati peUnited States neSoviet Union. Makwikwi aya akakurudzira kufambira mberi kusingaenzaniswi mune tekinoroji yepasi pemvura, kunyanya nekuda kwekuuya kwesimba renyukireya. Muna 1954, USS Nautilus, ngarava yekutanga yepasi pemvura inoshanda nesimba renyukireya, yakachinja kufamba kwepasi pegungwa. Kufambisa kwenyukireya kwakaita kuti ngarava dzepasi pemvura dzirambe dzichishanda zvakanaka pasi pemvura uye dzive dzakadzika, zvichichinja maonero ekugadzirwa kwengarava dzepasi pemvura uye kushandiswa kwayo.
Hondo Yemashoko yakaonawo kugadzirwa kwengarava dzepasi pemvura dzinoshandisa zvombo zvenyukireya (SSBNs), dzaikwanisa kukanda zvombo zvenyukireya kubva pasi pemvura, zvichiita kuti dzive chikamu chakakosha chehondo yenyukireya pamwe chete nengarava dzinoshandisa zvombo zvepasi pevhu nengarava dzinoshandisa zvombo zvehondo. Ngarava idzi dzepasi pemvura, nekuvanda kwadzo uye kutsungirira kwadzo, dzakaita kuti dzikwanise kurova kechipiri, nokudaro dzichiva dzinokosha pakurwisa.
Nguva Yemazuva Ano: Hunhu Hwepamusoro uye Mabasa Akawanda
Munguva yazvino, ngarava dzepasi pemvura dzave nzvimbo dzakasimba dzine mabasa akasiyana-siyana kunze kwehondo. Kufambira mberi muhunyanzvi kwakagadzira ngarava dzepasi pemvura dzakanyarara uye dzinoshanda zvakanaka dzakashongedzerwa ne sonar yepamusoro, kugona kwakavanzika, uye zvombo zvakanyatsonaka. Ngarava dzepasi pemvura dzekurwisa (SSNs) nengarava dzepasi pemvura dzinotungamirirwa (SSGNs) dzakashongedzerwa nezvombo zvepasi pemvura zvepamusoro, zvichiwedzera kugona kwadzo uye kugona kwadzo kushandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana.
Pamusoro pezvo, ngarava dzemugungwa dzinoita basa rakakosha mukutsvagisa kwesainzi, kuongorora zvakadzika mugungwa, uye kugadzirisa zvivakwa zvepasi pegungwa. Ngarava dzemugungwa dzinotsvagisa, dzakadai seAlvin submersible, dzakaongorora migero yakadzika yegungwa, dzakabatsira kuwana maburi emvura inopisa, uye dzakabatsira mumabasa ekuchera matongo ari pasi pemvura.
Mota Dzisina Mutyairi Dziri Pasi Pemvura (UUVs) dzinomiririra hutsva hutsva, kuita basa rekutarisa, matanho ekudzivirira zvimbambaira, uye kutarisa zvakatipoteredza nekuzvitonga kwakasimba uye kushanda zvakanaka. Kubatanidzwa kwehungwaru hwekugadzira muUUVs kunovimbisa kuwedzera kugona, kuderedza njodzi dzevanhu uye kuwedzera kugona kwavo kushanda.
mhedziso
Nhoroondo yekuvandudzwa kwengarava dzemugungwa inoratidza hunyanzvi hwevanhu uye chishuwo chekukunda zvakadzika zvegungwa. Kubva pamabhero ekunyudza ekare aAlexander Mukuru kusvika kuzvinhu zvikuru zvine simba renyukireya zvemazuva ano, ngarava dzemugungwa dzakapesvedzera zvikuru hurongwa hwengarava dzemugungwa, kuongorora kwesainzi, uye kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji. Sezvo tekinoroji iri kuramba ichichinja, ramangwana rekuvandudzwa kwengarava dzemugungwa rine vimbiso yakakura, richivhura miganhu mitsva pasi pegungwa uye richienderera mberi nekutsvaga ruzivo rwakadzama nekuchengetedzwa.
