Musiyano Pakati Pemakungwa Nemakungwa
Mvura inoyerera pasi rose inoumbwa nemvura yakakura inofukidza inenge 71% yenzvimbo yayo. Pakati penzvimbo idzi dzemvura dzinowedzera makungwa nemakungwa, mazwi maviri aya anowanzo shandiswa achichinjana. Zvisinei, makungwa nemakungwa ane hunhu hwakasiyana hunoasiyanisa zvichienderana nehukuru, nzvimbo, zvakatipoteredza, uye hunhu hwemuviri. Kunzwisisa misiyano iyi kwakakosha kuti tinzwisise kuomarara uye kusiyana-siyana kwehurongwa hwemvura hwepasi.
Tsanangudzo uye Ukuru
Makungwa ndiwo makungwa makuru emvura ine munyu, anosanganisira kukura kwakakura, kunoramba kuchienderera mberi kunofukidza inenge 97% yemvura yepasi uye 70% yenzvimbo dzayo. Kune makungwa makuru mashanu: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, neArctic. Gungwa rePacific, iro rakakura kupfuura ose, rine nzvimbo inosvika mamiriyoni 63 emakiromita. Nekuda kwehukuru hwaro, makungwa ane simba guru pamamiriro ekunze epasi rose, mamiriro ekunze, uye zvipenyu zvemugungwa.
Kusiyana neizvi, makungwa madiki uye anowanzo vharirwa nenyika. Kunyangwe paine makungwa anopfuura makumi mashanu pasi rose, rimwe nerimwe rinosiyana zvakanyanya muhukuru nekudzika. Gungwa reMediterranean, semuenzaniso, rinofukidza makiromita angangoita 965,000 square, nepo Gungwa reBaltic richingofukidza makiromita angangoita 146,000 square. Magungwa anowanzo kuve matunhu emakungwa, akabatana nawo kuburikidza nematanho kana migero, uye anogona kukanganisa zvakananga nzvimbo dzegungwa dzavanoganhurana nadzo.
Nzvimbo yenzvimbo uye nzvimbo yakavharirwa
Makungwa akakura uye akakura, aripo semvura hombe dzinoparadzanisa makondinendi. Anogona kuwanikwa pakati penyika huru uye ane nzvimbo shoma dzakavharirwa. Semuenzaniso, Atlantic Ocean iri pakati peAmerica kumadokero neEurope neAfrica kumabvazuva. Nekuda kwehukuru hwavo uye kubatana kwavo kwakavhurika, makungwa anoita kuti kufamba kwegungwa pasi rose kuve nyore uye ave akakosha mukutengeserana nekutsvaga.
Makungwa, kune rumwe rutivi, anowanzova madiki uye akavharirwa nenyika. Gungwa reMediterranean, rakapoteredzwa neSouthern Europe, North Africa, neNear East, muenzaniso wakanaka. Saizvozvowo, Gungwa Dzvuku rakaganhurana neArabian Peninsula neNortheast Africa. Hunhu uhwu hwemakungwa akavharirwa zvishoma hunowanzoita kuti pave nemamiriro ekunze akasiyana uye mamiriro ekunze anoasiyanisa negungwa rakavhurika.
Kudzika uye Kusiyana-siyana Kwezvinhu Zvipenyu
Makungwa akadzika zvikuru kupfuura makungwa, ane avhareji yekudzika kwemamita angangoita 3,682. Chikamu chakadzama chegungwa chero ripi zvaro, Mariana Trench muPacific Ocean, chinodzika kusvika pamamita angangoita 10,994. Kudzika uku kunoshamisa kunoita kuti pave nekusiyana-siyana kwezvinhu zvipenyu, kubva kunzvimbo ine chiedza chezuva, uko chiedza chezuva chinopinda, chichichengetedza plankton nezvimwe zvipenyu zvinogadzira chiedza chezuva, kusvika kunzvimbo dzine rima, dzine simba guru, musha wezvisikwa zvakasiyana zvakajaira mamiriro akaipisisa.
Makungwa anowanzova asina kudzika, avhareji yekudzika kwemazana mashoma kusvika zviuru zvishoma zvemamita. Semuenzaniso, avhareji yekudzika kweGungwa reMediterranean inosvika mamita 1,500. Mvura dzawo dzisina kudzika dzinobvumira chiedza chezuva chakawanda kupinda, zvichiita kuti zvipenyu zvemugungwa zvipfume uye zvive nyore kuwana. Hunhu hwakavharirwa uye zvinovaka muviri zvinobva kunyika dzakapoteredza zvinoita kuti makungwa awanzova nzvimbo dzinonyanya kuzara nehove, makorari, nezvimwe zvipenyu zvemugungwa.
Munyu uye Kuumbwa kweMvura
Huremu hwemunyu, kana kuti huwandu hwemunyu, hunosiyana zvakanyanya pakati pemakungwa nemakungwa. Makungwa akavhurika anowanzova nehuwandu hwemunyu hwakagadzikana hunosvika zvikamu makumi matatu nezvishanu pazviuru (ppt). Kugara kwenguva refu uku kunokonzerwa nehuwandu hwakawanda hwemvura, uko kupwa kwemvura, kunaya kwemvura, uye kupinda kwenzizi zvinogadzira hurongwa hwakaringana munzvimbo dzakakura.
Makungwa, kunyanya ayo asina nzvimbo yakakwana, anogona kuratidza mutsauko mukuru mumunyu. Semuenzaniso, Gungwa Rakafa, dhamu remvura ine munyu rakavharirwa rinowanzonzi gungwa, rine munyu weinenge 300 ppt, zvichiita kuti rive rimwe rematsime emvura ane munyu wakanyanya pasi rose. Kupinda kwemvura yakachena kubva munzizi uye kuyerera kushoma kunogona kuchinja zvakanyanya munyu uri mumakungwa, zvichikanganisa mhando dzemarudzi akajairwa kugara munzvimbo idzi.
Kukosha Kwezvakatipoteredza uye Kwehupfumi
Makungwa anokosha pakuenzana kwezvakatipoteredza pasi rose, achiita basa rakakosha mukudzora mamiriro ekunze ePasi kuburikidza nekupararira kwekupisa kuburikidza nemafungu egungwa akaita seGulf Stream. Anoshanda senzvimbo huru dzinonyudza kabhoni, achitora chikamu chikuru cheCO2 inogadzirwa nevanhu, nokudaro achideredza mhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Makungwa anotsigirawo mhando dzakasiyana dzezvisikwa zvemugungwa, achipa chikafu, mabasa, uye mikana yekuvaraidza kumamiriyoni evanhu pasi rese.
Makungwa, kunyanya ayo ari pedyo nekugara kwevanhu, ane kukosha kukuru kwezvakatipoteredza uye hupfumi. Kuwanda kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana emakungwa kunotsigira hove dzekutengeserana, izvo zvakakosha kuhupfumi hwenzvimbo. Pamusoro pezvo, kusvikika kwawo kunoita kuti ave akakosha pakufambisa zvinhu mugungwa, kushanya, uye kutsvagisa kwesainzi. Nzvimbo dzakadai seCoral Triangle muWestern Pacific, dzinowanzo sangana nemakungwa, dzinozivikanwa nehupfumi hwadzo hwegungwa uye inzvimbo dzakakosha pakuchengetedza.
Kufamba uye Miganhu yeMaritime
Kubva pakuona kwekufamba nengarava, makungwa anofambiswa nenzira dzekutakura zvinhu pasi rose, zvichibvumira kufamba kwezvinhu pasi rose. Nzira idzi, dzisina kusungwa nehurumende yenyika, dzinowira pasi pechinangwa chemutemo wepasi rose wezvegungwa. Hukuru nekudzika kwemakungwa kunoda tekinoroji yepamusoro yekufambisa nengarava hombe dzakagadzirirwa kufamba kwenguva refu mumvura dzinogona kukuvadza.
Makungwa, sezvo ari pedyo nenzvimbo dziri kumahombekombe, anowira pasi pehutongi hwenyika dziri pedyo. Mvura dziri munzvimbo iyi, dzinowanzo famba makiromita gumi nemaviri kubva kumahombekombe enyika, dzinotongwa nemitemo yenyika. Kuswedera pedyo uku nemutemo kunoita kuti makungwa ave akakosha pakufambisa kwenzvimbo uye mabasa egungwa. Pamusoro pezvo, kutarisirwa kwezviwanikwa nekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza mumakungwa kunowanzo enderana nezvibvumirano zvepasi rose uye gadziriro dzepakati penyika dziri pedyo.
mhedziso
Kunyange zvazvo makungwa nemakungwa zviri zvikamu zvakakosha zvepasi rose, kusiyana kwawo kwakakosha. Makungwa akakura, akadzika, uye haana kudziviswa nenyika, achiita basa rakakosha mukudzora mamiriro ekunze epasi rose uye zvipenyu zvemugungwa. Makungwa, sezvo ari madiki, asina kudzika, uye anowanzo vharirwa nenyika, ane zvisikwa zvakapfuma zvinokanganisa zvikuru nharaunda dzemahombekombe nedzematunhu. Kunzwisisa musiyano uyu kwakakosha kuti tinzwisise kuoma kwezvisikwa zvemugungwa uye mabasa akasiyana-siyana ezvakatipoteredza nehupfumi anoita nharaunda idzi dzemvura panyika yedu.
