Mashandisirwo eRhodium Metal muCatalyst Applications
Rhodium isimbi inokosha iri muboka resimbi dzeplatinum (PGM), pamwe chete neplatinum, palladium, iridium, ruthenium, uye osmium. Pakati pesimbi idzi, rhodium inozivikanwa seimwe yesimbi dzisingawanzoonekwi uye dzinodhura zvakanyanya, kunyanya nekuda kwekuwanikwa kwayo kushoma uye kudiwa kwakanyanya kwemaindasitiri. Kunyangwe isinganyanyo kuzivikanwa segoridhe kana sirivha pakati peveruzhinji, rhodium inoita basa rakakosha mutekinoroji yemazuva ano - kunyanya sechinokonzeresa. Chinokonzeresa chinhu chinokurumidza kuita makemikari pasina kudyiwa mukuita, zvichiita kuti mashandiro emaindasitiri ave anoshanda zvakanyanya, asingashandise simba zvakanyanya, uye agadzire zvigadzirwa zvakachena. Chinyorwa chino chinotaura nezvekushandiswa kwesimbi yerhodium mukushandiswa kwechinokonzeresa, zvikonzero nei rhodium ichisarudzwa, uye mienzaniso yekushandiswa kwayo muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana.
Zvimiro zveRhodium Zvinobatsira paCatalysis
Zvakanakira Rhodium sechinokonzeresa zvinhu zvinobva mukusanganiswa kwayo kwehunhu hwepanyama nemakemikari. Rhodium inodzivirira zvikuru ngura uye oxidation, inogara kwenguva refu pakupisa kwakanyanya, uye haikurumidzi kusangana nemakemikari akawanda. Kugadzikana uku kunoita kuti ikodzere kushandiswa munzvimbo dzakanyanya kuita reaction, dzakadai semagasi emhepo anopisa ane macompounds akasiyana-siyana anokonzera reactive.
Kunze kwekugadzikana, rhodium inewo basa rakanaka rekugadzirisa mamwe maitiro, kunyanya ayo anosanganisira nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), uye hydrocarbons (HC). Mukugadzirisa, kushanda kwe catalyst hakuonekwi chete nekuti reaction inokurumidza sei, asiwo nekusarudza kwayo—ndiko kuti, kugona kwayo kufambisa reaction kune chigadzirwa chaunoda pasina kugadzira zvimwe zvinokuvadza. Rhodium inobudirira mukusarudza maitiro akakosha akawanda muindasitiri nekudzora utsi.
Basa Rinokosha reRhodium muMoto Catalytic Converter Catalysts
Kushandiswa kwakakurumbira kwe rhodium, uye iyo inonyanya kubatsira pakudiwa kwenyika yose, kuri muma "vehicle catalytic converters". "Catalytic converter" chishandiso chiri mu "exhaust system" chinoshanda kuderedza kuburitswa kwemagasi ane chepfu asati aburitswa mumhepo. Mu "catalytic converters" dzemazuva ano (kunyanya mumotokari dzinoshandisa peturu), "three-way catalyst" system inoshandiswa, inokwanisa kuita mabasa matatu panguva imwe chete: "oxidizing CO₂" kuenda ku CO₂, "oxidizing hydrocarbons" kuenda ku CO₂ ne H₂O, uye "deduction NOx" kuenda ku N₂.
Apa ndipo panoita basa guru re rhodium. Rhodium inozivikanwa senzira yakanakisisa yekuderedza NOx kuita nitrogen (N₂) uye oxygen. Nitrogen igesi guru remhepo uye harina njodzi, zvichiita kuti nzira yekuderedza NOx ive yakakosha pakuderedza kusvibiswa kwemhepo uye kuumbwa kweutsi hwe photochemical. Kunyange zvazvo platinum ne palladium zvichishandiswawo mu catalytic converters, rhodium inowanzova chinhu chakakosha, kunyanya pakubata NOx zvinobudirira. Sezvo mitemo yeutsi munyika dzakawanda ichiramba ichioma, kudiwa kwe catalysts dzinoshanda zvakanaka—kusanganisira rhodium—kuchiri kuramba kwakakwira.
Rhodium seChinosimudzira Muindasitiri yeMakemikari
Kunze kwekushandiswa kwemotokari, rhodium inoshandiswawo mumabasa akasiyana-siyana emakemikari emaindasitiri anoda ma catalysts anoshanda zvakanyanya. Muenzaniso wakakosha ndeye hydroformylation reaction, iyo inosanganisira kuwedzera formyl group (-CHO) kune alkene kuti igadzire aldehyde. Aldehyde inogona kugadzirwa kuita alcohols, acids, kana mamwe makemikari anoshandiswa mukugadzira mapurasitiki, sipo, mafuta, uye zvinowedzera mumaindasitiri.
Zvishandiso zveRhodium-based catalysts mu hydroformylation zvinozivikanwa kuti zvinosarudza zvakanyanya uye zvinoshanda mumamiriro ezvinhu asina kusimba kupfuura mamwe ma catalysts esimbi. Mumabasa emaindasitiri, rhodium inowanzo sanganiswa nemamwe ma phosphine ligands kuti iwedzere kugadzikana uye kusarudza. Izvi zvinopa zvakanakira zvakaita sekuwedzera kwegoho, kushomeka kwesimba, uye kudzikira kwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvisingadiwe.
Rhodium inogonawo kushandiswa mune mamwe maitiro ehydrogenation uye isomerization, kunyanya kana paine chinhu chinokwanisa kushanda nemazvo nemamorekuru akaomarara chinodiwa. Mumaindasitiri emishonga nemakemikari akakosha, kusarudzwa kwemacatalyst akadaro kunokosheswa zvikuru nekuti kunogona kuderedza matanho ekuchenesa uye kuderedza mari yekugadzira.
Maitiro eRhodium muKugadzira Nitric Acid uye Oxidation Process
Mumaitiro akati wandei e oxidation eindasitiri, maPGM, kusanganisira rhodium, anoshandiswa sechikamu che catalyst material kana catalytic alloy. Semuenzaniso, mu classic nitric acid production process, ammonia oxidation inoshandisa platinum-rhodium-based catalyst screens. Kunyangwe platinum iriyo inonyanya kukosha, kuwedzerwa kwe rhodium kunogona kuvandudza simba remuchina we screen uye kubatsira kuchengetedza catalytic performance pakupisa kwakanyanya.
Chidzitiro che catalyst mukuita uku chinofanira kutsungirira kupisa kwakanyanya uye kuramba chakasimba kana paine kuyerera kwegasi nekukurumidza. Kurasikirwa kwezvinhu zve catalyst nekuda kwekubuda kwemhepo kana kukweshwa inyaya inonetsawo. Platinum-rhodium alloys yagara ichishandiswa nekuti inopa musanganiswa wakanaka wesimba, kugadzikana, uye kushanda zvakanaka. Kubva pamaonero emaindasitiri, kushandiswa kwe rhodium kunogona kubatsira kuwedzera hupenyu hwe catalyst uye kuderedza kuwanda kwekutsiva, pakupedzisira kuderedza mari yekushanda.
Mabhenefiti uye Matambudziko ekushandisa Rhodium
Panyaya yemabhenefiti, kushandiswa kwerhodium sechinhu chinobatsira pakushanda zvakanaka kwemabasa uye kuderedza kusvibiswa kwemhepo. Munyaya yemotokari, rhodium inobatsira zvakananga mukuvandudza mhando yemhepo yemumaguta. Muindasitiri yemakemikari, rhodium inobatsira kuwedzera goho rekugadzira uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba, ukuwo ichideredza marara emakemikari.
Zvisinei, rhodium inosanganawo nematambudziko makuru. Chekutanga kushomeka. Rhodium haicherwi zvakanyanya sesimbi huru, asi inowanzo kuwanikwa sechigadzirwa chekuchera platinum nenickel. Nekuda kweizvozvo, zvinhu zvinowanikwa murhodium zvinoshomeka zvakanyanya uye zviri nyore kukanganiswa nemidziyo yemagetsi.
Chechipiri kuchinja-chinja kwemitengo zvakanyanya. Mitengo yeRhodium inogona kuchinja-chinja zvakanyanya munguva pfupi nekuda kwekuchinja kwekudiwa kwemaindasitiri uye kuwanikwa kwemigodhi. Izvi zvakaita kuti indasitiri irambe ichitsvaga nzira dzekuderedza huwandu hweRhodium mumacatalyst pasina kukanganisa mashandiro, kana kugadzira dzimwe nzira dzesimbi. Zvisinei, kune mamwe mashandisirwo - kunyanya kuderedza NOx mumasisitimu ekubudisa utsi hwemotokari - Rhodium ichiri yakaoma zvikuru kutsiva zvachose.
Kudzokorora kweRhodium kubva kuSpent Catalysts
Nekuda kwekudhura kwayo kwakanyanya uye kushoma kwayo, rhodium recycling yave chikamu chakakosha cheindasitiri ye catalyst. Mashandisirwo emagetsi e catalytic converters akamboshandiswa ndiwo manyuko makuru e PGM metals dzakadzokororwa. Maitiro ekudzokorora anosanganisira kupwanya zvinhu zve ceramic kana simbi catalyst, wozoparadzanisa nekunatsa simbi dze PGM kuburikidza nemaitiro emakemikari ne metallurgical.
Kudzokorodza hakungobatsiri chete mune zveupfumi asiwo kwakakosha kune nharaunda. Nekushandisa rhodium zvakare, indasitiri iyi inogona kuderedza kudiwa kwekuchera migodhi mitsva, iyo inowanzo kukanganisa zvakanyanya nharaunda uye inoda kushandiswa kwesimba rakawanda. Nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemotokari uye mitemo yakaoma yekuburitsa utsi, chikamu chekudzokorodza cherhodium nePGM chinotarisirwa kukura zvakanyanya.
Penutup
Rhodium isimbi inokosha inokosheswa zvikuru mu catalysis nekuda kwekugadzikana kwayo kwakanyanya, kuramba ngura, uye kushanda kwayo kwakanyanya mu catalytic mu critical reactions. Kushandiswa kwayo kukuru kuri mu vehicle catalytic converters, kunyanya kuderedza NOx kuita nitrogen zvakachengeteka nharaunda. Uyezve, rhodium inoita basa rakakosha muindasitiri yemakemikari, senge hydroformylation nedzimwe nzira dzakasiyana siyana dzekusarudza, pamwe chete ne catalytic alloys dze high-temperature oxidation processes.
Pasinei nematambudziko akadai sekushomeka uye mitengo iri kuchinja-chinja, rhodium ichiri chikamu chakakosha mukudzora kuburitswa kwemhepo kwemazuva ano uye matekinoroji ekugadzira makemikari. Ichitsigirwa nekuvandudzwa mukugadzira zvinhu zvitsva, kushanda zvakanaka, uye kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro ekudzokorodza, rhodium icharamba ichiita basa rakakosha mukusimudzira maindasitiri akachena, anoshanda zviri nani, uye anogara kwenguva refu.
