Mashandisirwo eOsmium Metal muIndasitiri yeMagetsi
Osmium ndeimwe yesimbi dzisingawanzoonekwi mugomba rePasi uye iri muboka resimbi dzeplatinum (PGM), pamwe chete neplatinum, iridium, ruthenium, rhodium, uye palladium. Chinhu ichi chine atomic number 76 uye chinozivikanwa nehunhu hwacho hwakasiyana: huwandu hwakawanda, nzvimbo yekunyunguduka yakakwira, uye kuramba kupfeka uye ngura zvakanaka pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu. Kunyange zvazvo osmium isiri kushandiswa zvakanyanya sedzimwe simbi dzakadai semhangura, sirivha, kana goridhe, ichiri kushandiswa zvinonakidza—kunyanya kana indasitiri ichida zvinhu zvinogara kwenguva refu uye kushanda kwakasimba.
Muindasitiri yezvemagetsi, osmium haiwanzo shandiswa sechinhu chikuru nekuda kwekuwanikwa kwayo kushoma, kudhura kwayo kwakanyanya, uye matambudziko ekuchengetedza (kunyanya zvine chekuita nemakemikari e osmium anogona kugadzira osmium tetroxide ine chepfu). Zvisinei, mune mamwe mashandisirwo anoda simba remakanika uye hunhu hwemakemikari chaiwo, osmium inogona kuva chinhu chinokosha. Heano mamwe mashandisirwo e osmium muindasitiri yezvemagetsi, pamwe nezvikonzero nei ichisarudzwa uye chero zvipingamupinyi.
1. Chigadzirwa cheAlloy cheMagetsi Anodzivirira Kupfeka
Zvikamu zvemagetsi zvinowanzo vimba nemagetsi—zvikamu zvinobata kuti zviendese magetsi, zvakaita semaswichi, marelay, maconnector, kana masliding contacts. Matambudziko makuru emagetsi contacts inyaya yekukweshana, kupisa kunobva pakukombama, uye oxidation kana kusvibiswa pamusoro pechinhu, izvo zvinowedzera resistance.
Osmium, kunyanya muchimiro chealloy pamwe chete nedzimwe simbi dzePGM dzakadai seiridium kana platinum, inobatsira ku:
– Kuomarara kwakanyanya kuitira kuti pamusoro pechinhu chakabatana nacho chisakurumidze kupwanyika.
- Kusapfeka zvakanaka muzvishandiso zvinosanganisira mafambiro anodzokororwa.
– Kugadzikana pakupisa kwakanyanya, izvo zvinobatsira kuchengetedza chimiro uye mashandiro apo kupisa kwenzvimbo kunoitika.
Kusangana kwemagetsi kunodzivirira kupera kwakakosha mumagetsi emumaindasitiri, masisitimu ekudzora, kana zvishandiso zvinofanirwa kushanda kwenguva yakareba pasina kugadziriswa nguva nenguva. Zvisinei, nekuda kwekushomeka kwezviwanikwa zve osmium, ma alloys e osmium anowanzo sarudzwa chete pakushandiswa kwakananga uye kwakakosha.
2. Wedzera Kuramba Kukura KwemaArc
Mudunhu remagetsi rine magetsi kana voltage yakati, kana switch ikavhurwa kana kuvharwa, arc yemagetsi inogona kuitika. Arc iyi inogona "kuparadza" nzvimbo yekubata uye kuchinja hunhu hwayo: pamusoro payo panoita makombama, maokisijeni anoumbwa, uye kuramba kunowedzera.
Zvinhu zvinogona kuramba zvichikanganiswa nemhepo zvinodiwa kuti zvirambe zvakavimbika. Osmium ine zvakanakira mu alloys nekuti:
– Inoderedza mwero wekukukurwa kwevhu panzvimbo yakabatana.
– Inochengetedza nzvimbo yakagadzikana inodzivirira kusakara zvakanyanya.
Kunyange zvazvo mumaindasitiri emazuva ano, sirivha, tungsten, kana ruthenium-based alloys zvichinyanya kushandiswa pamhando dzakasiyana dze relay uye switch, osmium inoramba yakakosha sesarudzo yezvinhu mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa, kunyanya kana kuramba kupfeka uye kugadzikana zviri zvinhu zvinonyanya kukosheswa.
3. Kuputira Zvikamu Zvidiki Zvine Simba Rakanyanya
Munyika yemagetsi akagadzirwa nemazvo—semuenzaniso, mumidziyo yemagetsi madiki (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems / MEMS), zvimwe zvikamu zve sensor, uye michina midiki inofamba—kuputira pamusoro pechinhu kwakakosha kuderedza kukweshana, kupfeka, uye kuchinja kwehunhu nekuda kwezvakatipoteredza.
Pakufunga, osmium inogona kushandiswa sechinhu chekuputira nekuti:
- Yakaoma zvikuru uye inogona kuwedzera kusimba kwemvura pamusoro.
– Inodzivirira kukuvadzwa, yakakodzera zvikamu zvidiki zvinosangana nekubata kwemuchina.
Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwe osmium sechifukidziro hakuwanzoitiki uye kazhinji kunodarika zvinhu zvinoshanda zvekufukidzira zvakaita se nitride (TiN), kabhoni yakaita seDLC (diamond-like carbon), kana mamwe maPGM alloys akachengeteka uye ari nyore kugadzirisa. Kunyange zvakadaro, mukutsvagisa zvinhu kana mashandisirwo chaiwo, osmium inogona kunge iri mukana nekuda kwehunhu hwayo hwepamusoro hwemakanika.
4. Zvikamu zveZvishandiso zveMagetsi Zvakanyatsogadzirwa uye Zvishandiso Zvakakosha
Zvisati zvatanga kugadzirwa tekinoroji ye semiconductor nezvinhu zvemazuva ano, mimwe michina yekunyatsogadzira zvinhu yaishandisa simbi dzePGM pazvikamu zvinoda kugadzikana uye kugara kwenguva refu. Osmium yaimbozivikanwa nekushandiswa kwayo muzvikamu zvine kubatana kwakasimba uye nzira dzekunyatsogadzira zvinhu.
Munzvimbo yemagetsi, mashandisirwo akadai se:
- zvishandiso zvekuyera zvine michina yakanyatsobatana,
- zvishandiso zvine zvinodiwa zvehupenyu hurefu,
- sisitimu yekudzokorora kubata zvakanyanya,
Ungafunga nezve alloys dzine osmium. Kunyange zvazvo zvisingawanzoitiki muzvigadzirwa zvinogadzirwa zvakawanda, musimboti wacho unoramba wakafanana: osmium inobatsira kana kuramba kupfeka uye kugadzikana zviri zvinhu zvakakosha.
5. Zvinhu Zvinotsigira Zvekutsvagisa Sainzi Yezvemagetsi Nezvinhu
Basa reOsmium rinobudawo mukutsvagisa, kwete kungogadzira zvinhu zvakawanda chete. Mukugadzira zvinhu zvemagetsi, vaongorori vanogona kuongorora osmium mu:
- zvidzidzo zve alloy zvekubatana kwemagetsi echizvarwa chitsva,
- kuyedzwa kwekudzivirira pamusoro mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma,
- kuyedza pahunhu hwemagetsi uye maumbirwo ekristaro esimbi dzinorema.
Pamusoro pezvo, osmium ine hunhu hwakasiyana uye hunhu hwemuviri, zvichiita kuti ive inonakidza pakutsvaga zvine chekuita nezviitiko zvepamusoro, kuramba kupararira, kana kugadzikana kwekupisa mune zvimwe zvikamu.
6. Miganhu yekushandiswa kweOsmium muindasitiri yemagetsi
Pasinei nezvakanakira zvakawanda, osmium haisi chinhu "chinoshandisika" zvakawanda. Pane zvipingamupinyi zvikuru zvinotadzisa kushandiswa kwayo zvakanyanya:
a) Kushomeka uye Mitengo Yakakwira
Osmium chimwe chezvinhu zvisingawanzoonekwi. Kugadzirwa kwayo kunowanzova chinhu chinobva mumigodhi ye nickel, copper, kana mimwe migodhi yePGM. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kuwanikwa kwayo kushoma, uye mutengo wayo unogona kukwira uye kusachinja-chinja. Indasitiri yemagetsi, iyo inogadzira mamiriyoni emayuniti, inosarudza zvinhu zvine huwandu hwakagadzikana.
b) Matambudziko Ekugadzirisa
Osmium ine nzvimbo yakanyanya kunyunguduka uye ine hunhu hunoita kuti kugadzirwa kwayo kwesimbi kuve kwakaoma kupfuura kwesimbi dzakajairika. Maitiro ekugadzira, kubatanidza, kana kugadzira anogona kuda matekiniki ane hunyanzvi.
c) Njodzi dzekuchengetedza dzeOsmium Compounds
Chimwe chinhu chikuru chiri kukonzera kuumbwa kwe osmium tetroxide (OsO₄), chinhu chine chepfu yakawanda uye chinoshanduka-shanduka. Munzvimbo dzemaindasitiri, izvi zvinoda nzira dzakasimba dzekuchengetedza uye kudzora mashandiro acho. Njodzi iyi yakaita kuti vagadziri vazhinji vasarudze dzimwe nzira dzakachengeteka.
d) Zvimwe Zvimwe Zvishandiso Zvinoshanda
Mashandisirwo mazhinji emagetsi anogona kusangana nezvinodiwa nezvimwe zvinhu: goridhe rekudzivirira kufambisa mvura uye ngura, sirivha yekudzivirira kufambisa mvura zvakanyanya, tungsten yekudzivirira kupisa, uye ruthenium/rhodium yemamwe marudzi ekubatana. Saka, osmium inowanzo shandiswa chete kana zvinodiwa pakushanda zvanyatsozadzikiswa.
7. Tarisiro yeOsmium muMagetsi Emazuva Ano
Zvichienderera mberi, osmium icharamba iri chinhu chakakosha, kwete chinhu chikuru. Zvisinei, pane mukana wekuti irambe ichitariswa mu:
- chisanganiswa chekubata chinoshandiswa zvakanyanya,
- tsvakurudzo pamusoro netribology (sainzi yekukweshana nekupfekwa) pazvikamu zvidiki,
- mashandisirwo akakosha anoda kugara kwenguva refu kwemakanika.
Nekuwedzera kwekudiwa kwemidziyo inogara kwenguva refu, miniaturization, uye masisitimu emagetsi anoshanda munzvimbo dzinoda kushanda nesimba (semuenzaniso, maindasitiri makuru, dziviriro, kana kutsvaga), kufarira zvinhu zvinoshanda zvakanyanya—kusanganisira osmium—kunogona kuramba kuripo, kunyanya muchimiro chealloys kana mafirimu matete.
Mhedziso
Osmium isimbi isingawanzoonekwi ine hunhu hwakanaka hwemakanika nekupisa, zvichiita kuti inyanye kubatsira muindasitiri yezvemagetsi, kunyanya pakushandisa zvinoda kuramba kupfekwa, kugadzikana pakupisa kwakanyanya, uye kuramba kukanganiswa nekukukurwa kwematombo. Osmium inonyanya kukosha mu alloys dzekubatana kwemagetsi, zvikamu zvakanyatsonaka, uye sekutsigira kutsvaga kwezvinhu.
Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwayo kunogumira pakushaikwa kwayo, mutengo, kuoma kwekugadzirisa, uye kuchengetedzeka kwakabatana nemakemikari e-osmium tetroxide. Nekuda kwezvikonzero izvi, osmium haiwanzo shandiswa mumagetsi anogadzirwa akawanda, asi inoramba yakakosha semhinduro yakakosha kune zvinodiwa zvepamusoro-soro.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kuwedzera chikamu "mienzaniso yekushandisa muzvishandiso chaizvo" (maindasitiri ekufambisa, maswichi ekugadzirisa, kana maconnector akakosha) kana kuunganidza vhezheni yenyaya yacho ine mabhuku nemagwaro.
