Maitiro Ekugadzira Cobalt Alloy yeTurbo Engines
Ma alloys akagadzirwa neCobalt anozivikanwa zvakanyanya sezvinhu zvinoshanda zvakanyanya zvezvikamu zve turbocharger—zvese zviri zviviri turbocharger dzemotokari uye gas turbines—nekuda kwekusagona kwavo kupisa kwakanyanya, oxidation, hot ngura, uye kupera. Munzvimbo dze turbocharger, zvinhu zvinofanirwa kuchengetedza simba pakupisa kwakanyanya, kutsungirira kupisa kunowanzo itika, uye kuramba zvakagadzikana pa microstructure kuti zvisatsemuke kana kuora.
Zvisinei, kugadzira cobalt alloys yekushandisa turbomachinery kunosanganisira zvinopfuura kungo "sanganisa" cobalt nezvimwe zvinhu. Maitiro acho anosanganisira dhizaini yekuumbwa kwayo, kudzora kuchena kwayo, nzira dzekunyungudutsa dzakanyatsojeka, matekiniki ekukanda kana kugadzira, kurapwa kwekupisa, uye kuyedzwa kwemhando. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura matanho akakosha nemisimboti inobatanidzwa mukugadzira cobalt alloys yakakodzera zvikamu zveturbomachinery, nenzira yehunyanzvi asi iri nyore kushandisa.
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1. Nzwisisa zvinodiwa nezvinhu zveinjini ye turbo
Usati wagadzira chiumbwa chesimbi, sarudza zvinodiwa nezvikamu zve turbocharger zvinofanirwa kushandiswa, zvakaita se turbine wheel, nozzle guide vane, housing, kana zvikamu zvekukweshana. Kazhinji, cobalt alloys inosarudzwa nekuda kwe:
1. Simba rinopisa: haripfavi nekukurumidza kana tembiricha yekushanda yakakwira.
2. Kuramba kuoxidation: hazviite nyore nyore kuti goko rive rakatyoka rinokurumidza kukuvara.
3. Kudzivirira ngura inopisa: zvakakosha kana paine tsvina yesarufa, munyu, kana mafuta.
4. Kusapfeka zvakanaka: pazvikamu zvinosangana nekukukurwa kwezvikamu kana kugumburwa.
5. Kugadzikana kwezvikamu: kunoderedza njodzi yekupisa uye kuneta.
Muinjini dzine turbocharger, tembiricha inogona kunge yakakwira zvakanyanya, uye kuchinja kwekushisa nekukurumidza kunogona kukonzera kushushikana kwekupisa. Saka, ma alloys anofanira kunge akagadzikana uye akasimba mukati menguva yese yekushanda.
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2. Sarudza rudzi rwe cobalt alloy: mhuri ye "Co–Cr–W" kana "Co–Ni–Cr"
Muindasitiri, ma cobalt alloys anowanzo kureva mhuri dzakadai seStellite (inowanzova Co–Cr–W–C) kana Co–Ni–Cr variations dzinoenzanisa kuramba ngura uye kusimba.
– Chromium (Cr): inowedzera oxidation uye kuramba ngura pakupisa kwakanyanya nekuti inobatsira kuumba ganda rinodzivirira oxide.
– Tungsten (W) / Molybdenum (Mo): inowedzera simba pakupisa kwakanyanya uye kuramba kupera, uye inosimbisa mhinduro dzakasimba.
– Kabhoni (C): inogadzira makabhoidhi (semuenzaniso M\_7C\_3, M\_23C\_6) ayo anowedzera kuramba kupfeka, asi kana akawandisa anogona kuita kuti chinhu chacho chisanyanya kusimba.
– Nickel (Ni): inowedzera kusimba uye kushanda zvakanaka, inowanzoshandiswa kuenzanisa hunhu hwemakanika.
– Iron (Fe): inogona kuonekwa sechinhu chisina kuchena kana chinhu chisingadhuri chekusanganisa, asi huwandu hwakanyanya hwesimbi hunogona kuderedza kushanda kwekupisa kwakanyanya.
Pakushandisa turbocharger inopisa zvakanyanya, macompositions anowanzo gadzirwa nekudzora zvakanyanya zvinhu zvinogona kukonzera kupatsanurwa kana kuderedza kuramba kwe oxidation. Pamusoro pemacomposition, kuchena kwakakoshawo: sarufa, phosphorus, okisijeni, uye nitrogen zvinofanirwa kudzorwa nekuti zvinogona kukonzera kusanganisa kana fragility yemuganhu wezviyo.
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3. Kugadzirira zvinhu zvakagadziriswa uye kudzora kuchena
Danho rekutanga rinowanzo sarudza mhando yekupedzisira ndeyekusarudza zvinhu zvakagadzirwa:
1. Cobalt yakachena (ingot kana cathode) sehwaro hukuru.
2. Ferrochrome kana chromium yakachena, pamwe neW/Mo muchimiro chesimbi kana master alloy.
3. Kabhoni inowanzowedzerwa kuburikidza nechinhu chikuru kana zvinhu zvakayerwa kudzora huwandu hwekabhoni.
4. Zvinobvisa okisijeni (semuenzaniso zvimwe zvinhu zvinosunga okisijeni) zvinogona kushandiswa zvichienderana nenzira yekushanda kwayo.
Zvinhu zvose zvinofanira kuyerwa nemazvo zvichienderana nechimiro chazvo. Hunyoro, ngura, kana kusvibiswa kwemafuta muzvinhu zvakagadzirwa zvinogona kuwedzera magasi akanyungudutswa uye zvinhu zvinosanganiswa, izvo zvinoderedza kuramba kuneta kwezvikamu zve turbo.
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4. Nzira yekunyungudutsa: vacuum induction kana ESR yemhando yepamusoro
Nekuti cobalt alloys dze turbochargers dzinoda mhando yepamusoro, nzira yekunyungudutsa inowanzo shandisa tekinoroji inokwanisa kudzora gasi nezvinosanganisirwa.
a) Kunyungudutsa kweVacuum Induction (VIM)
Kunyunguduka kweinduction mu vacuum kunobatsira:
- kuderedza okisijeni yakanyungudutswa nemagasi,
- kuderedza kusvibiswa,
- inogadzira musanganiswa wakanyatsojeka.
Zvinhu zvacho zvinopinzwa zvishoma nezvishoma muchikamu chinopisirwa mvura, zvonyunguduka, zvobva zvawedzerwa zvinhu zvinosanganiswa kuti zvinyunguduke zvachose uye zvisatsvedze kana kuomeswa.
b) Kunyungudutsa kweElectro Slag (ESR) / Kunyungudutsa kweVacuum Arc (VAR)
Kune zvigadzirwa zvakakosha, maVIM ingots anowanzo teverwa neESR kana VAR ku:
- kuderedza zvinhu zvisina simbi,
- kunatsa chimiro che ingot,
- kuderedza kupatsanurana.
ESR inoshanda zvikuru mukuvandudza kuchena kwesimbi, nepo VAR ichizivikanwa ne alloys dzinoshanda zvakanyanya dzinoda homogeneity yakanaka.
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5. Kugadzira nekugadzira: kubva kuingot kusvika kuchimiro chechikamu
Mushure mekunyunguduka, chinhu chacho chinoumbwa kuita chimiro chaunoda nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana:
a) Kukanda zvinhu nemazvo (investment casting)
Yakakodzera ma geometrics akaomarara akadai semashizha madiki e turbine kana zvikamu zvakaumbwa zvakaoma. Zvakanakira zvayo:
- ruzivo rwakanyanya,
- michina mishoma,
- kushanda zvakanaka kwekugadzira.
Zvisinei, kukanda kunoda kudzorwa kwakasimba kuti zvidimbu zvisave nemaburi, kupwanyika, uye kupatsanurwa.
b) Kugadzira kana kushanda zvinopisa
Kana zvikamu zvichibvumira, kugadzira kunogona kupa:
- chimiro chezviyo zvakawandisa,
- zviri nani kuneta,
- kupinza kwakaderera pane kukanda kwakajairika.
Mamwe ma cobalt alloys "akaoma kushanda" kupfuura ma common steel alloys, saka ma parameter ekupisa kwekushanda uye chiyero chekuchinja kwechinhu chinofanira kunge chakanyatsojeka kudzivirira kupisa kutsemuka.
c) Kugadzira simbi yeupfu / HIP (Kudzvanya kweIsostatic Kunopisa)
Kune zvinodiwa zvakanyanya (semuenzaniso, huwandu hunosvika 100% uye ma microstructures akanaka), nzira yeupfu + HIP ingasarudzwa. Nzira iyi inodhura, asi inoderedza maburi emukati uye inovandudza kuenderana kwehunhu.
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6. Kurapa kupisa: kunosimbisa chimiro che microstructure uye kunogadzirisa hunhu hwacho
Kurapa kupisa kwe cobalt alloys kunotarisira kudzora:
- kugoverwa kwecarbide,
- saizi yezviyo,
- kushushikana kwakasara,
- kuenzana kwesimba vs kusimba.
Kazhinji, matanho acho anogona kusanganisira:
1. Kurapa kwemushonga wekunyungudutsa mamwe matanho uye kuenzanisa chimiro.
2. Kukwegura kusvika pakuumba ma precipitate/carbides anodzorwa kuti kuwedzere simba nekuomarara.
3. Kuderedza kushushikana kwemuviri kuderedza kushushikana kunokonzerwa nekukanda, kugadzira, kana kusveta.
Tembiricha nenguva zvinofanirwa kusarudzwa zvichibva pane zvakaumbwa, nekuti alloy yega yega inopindura zvakasiyana pakupisa.
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7. Kugadzira michina, kupedzisa uye kuputira (sarudzo)
Ma cobalt alloys anowanzo kuve akaoma kuagadzira nekuti akaomarara, haapindi mvura, uye haapise. Nzira dzakajairika dzinosanganisira:
- shandisa zvishandiso zvakakodzera (kabhohaidhiretsi kana mhando chaiyo),
- kutonhora uye kudzora kumhanya kwemuchina,
- kuderedza kudedera.
Kuti zvinhu zviwedzere kushanda munzvimbo dzinopisa zvakanyanya, dzimwe nguva zvinogadziriswa ne oxidation/thermal-resistant coatings (semuenzaniso, thermal barrier coatings) kana hardfacing munzvimbo dzakatarwa. Kushandiswa kwe coatings kunofanirwa kufunga nezve expansion coefficients uye adhesion kudzivirira kudonha panguva ye thermal cycling.
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8. Kuedzwa kwemhando yepamusoro: kuve nechokwadi chekuti yakakodzera nzvimbo dzine turbo
Nekuti ma turbo anoshanda mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma, kuyedzwa kwemhando hakufanirwe kuregeredzwa. Miedzo yakajairika inosanganisira:
- Kuongorora makemikari (OES/XRF) kuti zvive nechokwadi chekuti zvinhu zvacho zvakagadzirwa nemazvo.
- Kuyedzwa kwe microstructure (metallographic) kuti vaone kana makabhohaidhiretsi aripo, maburi aripo, kupatsanurwa, uye saizi yezviyo.
– Kuomarara uye kuyedzwa kwekusimba patembiricha yemukamuri uye, kana zvichidikanwa, tembiricha yakakwira.
- Kuyedzwa kwekukwira nekuneta kwekushandiswa kweturbine yepamusoro.
– NDT (Non-Destructive Testing) yakaita se radiography, ultrasonic, kana penetrant yekuona zvikanganiso zvemukati/pamusoro.
Zvikamu zveTurbo zvinoda kugadzikana kwakanyanya; kunyangwe zvikanganiso zvidiki zvinogona kukura kuita zvidimbu kana zvichimhanya zvine simba guru.
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9. Rekodhi yekuchengetedzwa uye kutevedzera mitemo yeindasitiri
Cobalt nezvimwe zvezvinhu zvayo zvinosanganisa simbi zvinoda kutariswa kweK3:
- guruva re cobalt rinobva mukukuyiwa rinogona kukuvadza kana rikafemerwa,
- maitiro ekunyungudutsa simbi ane njodzi huru,
- marara nemarara zvinofanirwa kutarisirwa zvichienderana nemitemo yezvakatipoteredza.
Padanho remaindasitiri, kugadzirwa kwe alloys dze turbo components kunowanzo tevedzera mwero wemhando yepamusoro uye masisitimu ekutarisira (semuenzaniso mwero wezvinhu, maitiro eNDT, nhamba dzekupisa dzinoteverwa), nekuti kuchengetedzeka nekuvimbika ndizvo zvinonyanya kukosheswa.
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Mhedziso
Kugadzira cobalt alloys ye turbomachinery inzira inosanganisa dhizaini yekuumbwa kwayo uye kudzora kwakasimba kwemaitiro esimbi. Matanho makuru anosanganisira kuona zvinodiwa pakushandisa, dhizaini ye alloy (kazhinji Co-Cr yakavakirwa paW/Mo, Ni, uye C inodzorwa), kunyunguduka kwemhando yepamusoro (VIM/ESR/VAR), kugadzira kuburikidza ne precision casting/forging/HIP, kupisa kupisa kuti microstructure igadzikane, uye kuyedzwa kwakakwana kuve nechokwadi chekuti zvinhu zvakagadzirira kutsungirira tembiricha yakanyanya nemitoro.
Nenzira chaiyo, cobalt alloys inogona kupa musanganiswa wepamusoro wekupisa, oxidation, kupisa ngura, uye kusakara - zvichiita kuti ive sarudzo yepamusoro yezvikamu zve turbo zvinoda kuvimbika kwenguva refu.
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Kana muchida, ndinogona kugadzira shanduro chaiyo ye turbochargers dzemotokari (tembiricha dzakasiyana nemamiriro ezvinhu) kana ma turbines egasi emaindasitiri, kusanganisira mienzaniso ye "nzira dzekuumbwa" kwe alloy, mafambisirwo akakodzera ekugadzira, uye mhando dzekuedzwa dzinokurudzirwa dzechikamu chimwe nechimwe.
