Mashandisirwo eGallium Metal muSemiconductor Technology
Gallium isimbi inogona kunzwika seisingazivikanwe nevamwe, asi ine basa guru mukukura kwetekinoroji yemazuva ano. Seri kwemafoni, network dze5G, mwenje dze LED, solar panels, uye kunyange zvishandiso zvekutaurirana nesatellite, gallium chinhu chakakosha chinoita kuti michina ye semiconductor ishande nekukurumidza, zvinobudirira, uye inodzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu pane zvinhu zvechinyakare. Chinyorwa chino chinokurukura mashandisirwo esimbi ye gallium mu tekinoroji ye semiconductor, nei chinhu ichi chakakosha, uye mienzaniso yekushandiswa kwayo mumidziyo yakasiyana-siyana yemagetsi.
Kuziva gallium uye hunhu hwayo hwekutanga
Gallium (Ga) chinhu chemakemikari chine atomu nhamba 31. Hunhu hwayo hwakasiyana hunonakidza: ine nzvimbo yekunyunguduka yakaderera, inosvika 29,7°C, zvichiita kuti inyunguduke muruoko pakupisa kwemuviri. Zvisinei, kana tichitarisa ma semiconductors, chinonyanya kukosha hachisi hunhu uhwu hwe "kunyunguduka", asi kugona kwayo kugadzira ma semiconducting compounds ane hunhu hwepamusoro hwemagetsi uye hwemaziso.
Gallium iboka rechikamu chegumi nenhatu (triel), uye inowanzo sanganiswa nezvimwe zvinhu zvakaita searsenic (As), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), kana indium (In) kuti igadzire zvinhu zve semiconductor zvinonzi compound semiconductors. Zvinhu izvi zvakasiyana nesilicon, inova elemental semiconductor. Compound semiconductors dzinopa kumhanya kwakanyanya kwemaerekitironi, kushanda zvakanaka kwechiedza, uye kushanda zvakanaka pamafrequencies akakwira.
Gallium sechinhu chikuru chinoshandiswa muzvikamu zve semiconductors
Mu tekinoroji ye semiconductor, gallium haiwanzo shandiswa sesimbi yakachena. Kukosha kwayo kukuru kuri mumakomichi ainogadzira, kunyanya:
1. Gallium arsenide (GaAs)
2. Gallium nitride (GaN)
3. Gallium phosphide (GaP)
4. Indium gallium nitride (InGaN)
5. Aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) nezvimwe zvakafanana
Chinhu chimwe nechimwe chine "mukana wepamusoro" wekushandisa mamwe mashandisirwo, kubva paRF (radio frequency), optoelectronics, kusvika pakushandisa magetsi.
1) Gallium arsenide (GaAs): musimboti weRF nemidziyo yekutaurirana
Imwe yenzira dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa dzekushandisa gallium ndeyeGaAs, chinhu che semiconductor chine maerekitironi akawanda. Maerekitironi akawanda anofamba zvinoreva kuti ma charge carrier anogona kufamba nekukurumidza kuburikidza nechinhu ichi, zvichibvumira michina kushanda pama frequency akakwira uye neruzha rwakaderera pane silicon mune mamwe maapplication.
Mashandisirwo akajairika eGaAs:
- RF signal booster pamafoni nemidziyo isina waya
Mamodule mazhinji emagetsi ekuwedzera simba mumafoni ekare uye mamwe mapurogiramu akasarudzika anoshandisa GaAs nekuda kwekushanda kwayo mukuwedzera masaini eredhiyo.
- Kutaurirana kweRadar nesatellite
Midziyo ine mafrequency akawanda yakaita se radar, microwave radio, uye masisitimu ekutaurirana nesatellite inoda zvinhu zvakagadzikana uye zvinokurumidza.
- Midziyo ye microwave ne millimeter-wave
GaAs inoshandiswa zvakanyanya kune zvikamu zvinoshanda kubva kuGHz kusvika kumakumi eGHz, kunyanya mukutaurirana uye masensa.
GaAs inewo zvakanakira zvakakosha mune mamwe mashandisirwo emagetsi nekuda kwehunhu hwayo hwe bandgap hunotsigira shanduko dzemaerekitironi dzinoshanda zvakanaka kuti dzigadzire kana kubata chiedza pahurefu hwakati hwema wavelength.
2) Gallium nitride (GaN): shanduko musimba uye 5G
Mumakore gumi apfuura, GaN yave chimwe chezvinhu zvine musoro zvikuru muindasitiri yemazuva ano ye semiconductor. GaN ine bandgap yakakura, zvichiita kuti ikwanise kushanda pamagetsi akakwira, tembiricha yakakwira, uye magetsi akasimba kupfuura silicon. Izvi zvinoita kuti GaN ive yakakodzera kune magetsi emagetsi nemidziyo yeRF ine simba rakawanda.
Mashandisirwo makuru eGaN:
- Adapta yekuchaja nekukurumidza uye magetsi anoshanda zvakanaka
Machaja eGaN anogona kugadzirwa madiki uye akareruka nekuti kushanda zvakanaka kunoderedza kupisa uye kunobvumira magadzirirwo ane mafrequency akakwira ekuchinja.
- MaInverters nemapower converters
GaN iri kutanga kushandiswa muzvishandiso zvemotokari, nzvimbo dzedata, uye masisitimu esimba rinogona kushandiswazve, kunyanya kuvandudza mashandiro ekushandura simba.
- Midziyo yeRF ye4G/5G
Munzvimbo dze5G base, GaN inosarudzwa zvakanyanya nekuti inokwanisa kugadzira simba reRF rakawanda nekushanda zvakanaka, izvo zvakakosha zvikuru pakukura kwekutumira uye kugadzikana.
Muchidimbu, GaN inobatsira michina kushanda "zvine simba" asi inoramba ichishanda zvakanaka, kuitira kuti simba rinopedzerwa sekupisa rigone kuderedzwa.
3) Gallium mu LEDs uye tekinoroji yemazuva ano yemwenje
Kana zvasvika kuma LED machena anoshandiswa mumwenje wepamba, magirazi efoni, kana mwenje yemotokari, gallium ine basa guru. Zvinhu zvakaita seInGaN (indium gallium nitride) zvakakosha pakugadzira chiedza chebhuruu negirini chine simba guru. Chiedza chebhuruu chinogona kusanganiswa ne phosphors kuti chigadzire ma LED machena.
Mhedzisiro yekushandisa gallium muma LED:
– Kushanda nesimba kwakanyanya kupfuura marambi e incandescent kana fluorescent
- Hupenyu hurefu hwebasa nekuti ma LED zvinhu zvakasimba
- Hunhu huri nani hwemwenje uye kudzora mavara pazviratidziro uye mwenje wekushongedza
Dai pasina ma semiconductors akavakirwa pa gallium, kugadzirwa kwema LED emazuva ano kungadai kwainonoka, uye kushanda zvakanaka kwemwenje pari zvino kwaisagona kunge kwakanyanya sezvazviri nhasi.
4) Gallium yemasero ezuva anoshanda zvakanyanya
Gallium inokoshawo muhunyanzvi hwemagetsi ezuva—kunyanya masero ezuva anoshanda zvakanyanya anoshandiswa mumasatellite kana mumashandisirwo akasarudzika. Imwe yemienzaniso inozivikanwa zvikuru ndeyekushandiswa kweGaAs ne alloys dzayo, dzakadai seInGaP/GaAs/Ge, mumasero ezuva ane makutano akawanda.
Sei gallium yakanaka kune mamwe masero ezuva?
- Kubudirira kukuru kwekushandura
- Inodzivirira mwaranzi, yakakosha munzvimbo dzemuchadenga
- Yakagadzikana mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma, akadai sekuchinja kwekushisa uye simba rechiedza
Masero ezuva esilicon anonyanya kushandiswa nevanhu vakawanda nekuda kwemitengo yakaderera yekugadzira, asi masero ezuva egallium anobudirira mukushandiswa kunoda kushanda kwepamusoro-soro, senge masatelaiti, zvitundumuseremusere, uye mamwe masisitimu ehondo.
5) Gallium mu laser diodes uye optical communications
Makomponi akadai seAlGaAs neInGaN anoshandiswa muma laser diodes emhando dzakasiyana dze wavelengths. Ma laser diodes zvinhu zvakakosha mu:
- Optical players uye storage (pamamwe matekinoroji)
- Kuyera kwemaindasitiri uye masisitimu e sensor
- Kutaurirana kwemaziso kwenguva pfupi
- Midziyo yekurapa uye zvishandiso zverabhoritari
MaLaser akavakirwa paSemiconductor anoda zvinhu zvinokwanisa kuburitsa chiedza zvakanaka uye zvakadzikama. Gallium inoita basa rakakosha nekuti inogona kuumba zvivakwa zve heterojunction zvinotsigira kukwidziridzwa kwechiedza zvinobudirira (lasing).
Sei kwete silicone chete?
Silicon inoramba iri mambo wemaIC edhijitari akadai sema processors ne memory nekuda kwekukura kwayo mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu, mutengo wakaderera, uye kubatana kwakanyanya. Zvisinei, kune zvimwe zvinodiwa—sekukwira kwema radio frequency, kushanda zvakanaka kwechiedza, kana kuchinja simba remagetsi—zvinhu zvakagadzirwa ne gallium zvinowanzo budirira.
Muchidimbu:
- GaAs inobudirira mukumhanya uye RF
- GaN inobudirira zvikuru musimba rayo guru, tembiricha yakakwira, uye kushanda zvakanaka kwekuchinja.
- InGaN/GaN inobudirira zvikuru mu LEDs nedzimwe optoelectronics
Matambudziko ekushandisa gallium muindasitiri
Pasinei nekubatsira kwayo, gallium inewo matambudziko:
– Kuwanikwa uye nzira yekugovera: gallium inowanzova chinhu chinobva mukugadzirwa kwebauxite (aluminium) kana zinc, saka kuwanikwa kwayo kunoenderana nemamwe maindasitiri.
– Mari yewafer nekugadzira: Mawafer eGaAs kana GaN anowanzo kudhura kupfuura mawafer esilicon.
- Kubatanidzwa netekinoroji yesilicon: kusanganisa zvikamu zve gallium-based ne silicon circuits kunoda matekiniki akaomarara ekurongedza nekugadzira.
Zvisinei, mafambiro aripo pari zvino anoratidza kuti kushandiswa kwema semiconductors akavakirwa pa gallium kuri kuramba kuchiwedzera sezvo kudiwa kwekushandisa simba zvakanaka uye kushanda kwepamusoro kuri kuramba kuchikosha, kunyanya munguva ye5G, mota dzemagetsi, uye nzvimbo dzedata.
Mhedziso
Mashandisirwo esimbi yeGallium mu tekinoroji yesemiconductor akafara uye ane hungwaru. Kuburikidza nemakomputa akadai seGaAs neGaN, gallium inogonesa michina yeRF ine frequency yakakwira, maLED asingashandise simba zvakanyanya, ma laser diode, uye ma converter emagetsi emazuva ano anoshanda zvakanyanya. Gallium inewo basa mumasero ezuva anoshanda zvakanyanya ekushandisa munzvimbo nenzvimbo dzakanyanya. Pasinei nematambudziko emutengo uye cheni yekugovera, kudiwa kweindasitiri kwezvinhu zve semiconductor zvinoshanda zvakanyanya kunoita kuti gallium ive chinhu chakakosha mukuvambwa kwetekinoroji yemagetsi iripo uye yeramangwana.
Kana muchida, ndinogona kugadzirisa chinyorwa ichi kuti chienderane nemaitiro ehunyanzvi (ane zvirevo), maitiro anozivikanwa emablog, kana vhezheni refu ine zvikamu zvakatsaurirwa paGaN yekufambisa nekukurumidza uye 5G.
