Mashandisirwo Anoitwa Mafoshoro muData reStratigraphic
Kudzidza nhoroondo yePasi kwakafanana nekushandisa bhuku rekare, rakaora iro mapeji anowanzo shaikwa kana kuputsika. Nyanzvi dzezvenhoroondo dzekare nenyanzvi dzezvepasi, kufanana nenyanzvi dzenhoroondo dzinoshingaira, vanoedza kugadzirisa nyaya iyi nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Pakati peizvi, kushandiswa kwezvisaririra mukududzira ruzivo rwezvisaririra kunoramba kuri imwe yenzira dzinoshanda uye dzinonzwisisa. Zvisaririra zvinopa hurongwa hwenguva, zvinoratidza mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza, uye zvinobatsira mukubatanidza zvidimbu zvakasiyana-siyana munzvimbo dzakakura. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora kuti zvisaririra izvi zvehupenyu hwekare zvakakosha sei mukudzidza nezvezvisaririra.
Mafossil seBiostratigraphic Markers
Biostratigraphy ibazi re stratigraphy rinotarisa pakubatana uye kurongeka kwezvikamu zvematombo kuburikidza nezviwanikwa zvezvisaririra. Izvi zvinoenderana nepfungwa yekutevedzana kwezvisaririra, yakataurwa naWilliam Smith pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19. Smith akaona kuti zvikamu zvematombo e sedimentary (strata) zvaive nezvikamu zvakasiyana zvezvisaririra uye kuti zvikamu izvi zvakatevedzana nenzira inozivikanwa. Iyi nheyo inobvumira vanoongorora geology kuti vagovere makore akaenzana kune zvikamu uye vazvienzanise munzvimbo dzakakura dzenzvimbo.
Semuenzaniso, kana Layer A muSouth America iine Fossil X inowanikwawo muLayer B muAfrica, munhu anogona kufungidzira kuti layer idzi dzinenge dzakafanana nezera. Kuwirirana kwakadaro kwave kwakakosha mukuvaka nguva ye geology uye kunzwisisa kupararira kwenzvimbo dzekondinendi nedzegungwa nekufamba kwenguva.
Zvinyorwa zveIndekisi
Chinhu chikuru mu biostratigraphy izvinyorwa zve index. Izvi zvisaririra zvezvipenyu zvine kupararira kwakakura munzvimbo dzakasiyana asi kwenguva pfupi. Kuvapo kwazvo mudombo hakurevi chete kuti dombo nderekare asiwo kuti rakagara kwenguva yakareba munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Trilobites, ammonites, uye mamwe ma foraminifera mienzaniso mikuru yezvinyorwa zve index.
Semuenzaniso, ammonite Dactylioceras, inowanzo kuwanikwa muJurassic strata, inoshandiswa sechisaririra chezvinyorwa. Kuvapo kwayo kunobatsira vanoongorora geology kuziva matombo eJurassic pasi rose. Kunyatsojeka kunopiwa nezvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa kunobvumira kuvaka kwakanyatsojeka uye kwakarurama kwenhoroondo yePasi.
Matongo uye Kuvakazve Kwezvakatipoteredza
Matongo anoita zvinopfuura kungova matombo ezuva chete. Anopa runyoro rwenzvimbo dzakapfuura, achipa ruzivo rwemamiriro ekunze ekare, mwero wegungwa, uye mafambiro ezvakatipoteredza. Nekudzidza nezvekuunganidza matongo, nyanzvi dzezvepasi dzinogona kuona kana chidimbu chakati chaimiririra nzvimbo yegungwa, dziva remvura yakachena, renje, kana nzvimbo ine masango.
Zvisaririra zvemugungwa zvakaita semakorari nedzimwe mhando dzeplankton zvinoratidza nzvimbo yegungwa, nepo zvisaririra zvemiti nehove dzemumvura yakachena zvichiratidza nzvimbo yepasi kana yemvura yakachena. Pamusoro pezvo, kuvapo kwezvimwe zvisaririra kunogona kuratidza mamiriro ekunze ekare; semuenzaniso, kuwanikwa kwemashizha emichindwe akaumbwa muArctic strata kunoratidza kuti nzvimbo iyi yaimbova nekupisa kunodziya zvakanyanya.
Paleontology uye Kutevedzana kweStratigraphy
Sequence stratigraphy inzira yepamusoro yekuongorora stratigraphic inobatanidza sedimentology, stratigraphy, uye paleontology. Inotarisa pakunzwisisa depositional sequences—kutevedzana kwakafanana kwematombo e sedimentary akaganhurirwa nekusaenderana. Mafossils anoita basa rakakosha pano nekubatsira kugadza nguva yekutevera uku uye kunzwisisa shanduko munzvimbo dzedeposition.
Semuenzaniso, kuzivikanwa kwezvisikwa zvemugungwa zvisina mapfupa pamusoro pechikamu chine zvisaririra zvezvirimwa zvepanyika kunogona kuratidza kutevedzana kwemvura—uko mwero wegungwa wakakwira pamusoro penyika yaimboonekwa. Kusiyana neizvi, kuwanikwa kwezvisaririra zvepanyika pamusoro pemadhaka egungwa kunogona kuratidza kudzoserwa shure, zvichiratidza kudzikira kwemwero wegungwa.
Zvinyorwa zveMatongo uye Chronostratigraphy
Chronostratigraphy, bazi re stratigraphy rine chekuita nehukama hwenguva uye makore ematombo, rinonyanya kuvimba nezvisaririra. Sezvo kuverengwa kwenguva ne radiometric kusingawanzoitiki pamatombo e sedimentary (asingawanzove nemaminerari akakodzera emhando iyi yekuverengwa kwenguva), zvisaririra zvinopa imwe nzira inokosha. Nekuziva uye kunyorwa kwenguva yematombo evolcanic sequences mukati me sedimentary sequences (sezvo izvi zvichigona kuverengerwa nguva ne radiometrically), uye kuzvibatanidza ne fossil assemblages, nyanzvi dze geology dzinogona kugadzira chronostratigraphic framework yakarurama.
Maitiro aya akaratidzwa pakutara nguva yemuganhu weKT (Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary), iyo inoratidza chiitiko chekuparara kwemarudzi akawanda. Muganhu uyu unoratidzwa nevhu rakasiyana rakapfuma neiridium, rinofungidzirwa kuti rakabva mukudonha kweasteroid kwakakonzera kuparara kwemarudzi akawanda. Humbowo hwezvisaririra kubva kumusoro nepasi pechikamu ichi, pamwe chete nekutara nguva kweradiometric, zvakabatsira kuratidza kuti chiitiko ichi chakaipisisa chakaitika makore angangoita mamiriyoni makumi matanhatu nematanhatu apfuura.
Taphonomy uye Basa Rayo muStratigraphy
Taphonomy, kudzidza maitiro anokanganisa zvipenyu sezvazvinoshanduka kuva zvisaririra, kunobatsirawo pakuronga mativi evhu. Kunzwisisa mamiriro ezvinhu nemaitiro anotungamira pakuumbwa kwezvisaririra kunobatsira vanoongorora geology kududzira nzvimbo dzakapfuura dzekuchengetedza uye kuchinja kwemajini. Semuenzaniso, kuwanda kwemafossil ehove akachengetedzwa zvakanaka mukati mechikamu chakati kunogona kuratidza kuvigwa nekukurumidza munzvimbo isina okisijeni (isina okisijeni), senge dziva risina mvura, zvichidzivirira kuora nekutsvaga.
Uyezve, zvidzidzo zve taphonomic zvinogona kuratidza shanduko dzakaitwa mushure mekuumbwa kwezvinhu, dzakadai semhedzisiro ye diagenesis (shanduko dzemuviri nedzemakemikari panguva ye lithification) pamhando uye kupararira kwezvisaririra. Kunzwisisa uku kwakakosha pakududzira zvinyorwa zvezvisaririra uye kuzvibatanidza nemamiriro ezvinhu akafara e stratigraphic.
Matambudziko Nezvinogumira
Kunyange zvazvo zvisaririra zvichipa ruzivo rwakakosha rwezvidzidzo zve stratigraphic, kushandiswa kwazvo kunouya nematambudziko. Chinyorwa chezvisaririra hachina kukwana nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana, zvakaita sekuchengetedzwa kwakasiyana-siyana uye kutorwa kwesampuli, zvipingamupinyi zvezvakatipoteredza, uye maitiro e geology anogona kuparadza kana kuvharidzira humbowo hwezvisaririra. Haasi marudzi ese ematombo ane zvisaririra, uye ruzhinji rwezvisikwa haruwanzoitiki kuti zvisazove zvisaririra, nokudaro zvichigadzira mipata muchinyorwa.
Uyezve, kuiswa kwemavara akasiyana-siyana (marara akaiswa panguva dzakasiyana munzvimbo dzakasiyana asi achiumba jira rimwe chete) kunogona kuomesa kuedza kwekubatanidza. Pasinei nematambudziko aya, kushandiswa kwakanaka kwedata rezvisaririra, pamwe chete nedzimwe nzira dzekuisa matanda mudenga, kunogona kuderedza zvimwe zvezvipingamupinyi izvi.
mhedziso
Zvisaririra zvinoshanda senzira yekuona zvakadzika zvePasi, zvichipa ruzivo rwakakosha rwekuongorora stratigraphic. Zvinoshanda sezviratidzo zvenguva, zviratidzo zvezvakatipoteredza, uye zvishandiso zvekubatana kukuru kwegeological. Kuburikidza nekudzidza nekunyatsotsanangura humbowo hwezvisaririra, nyanzvi dzegeology dzinogona kugadzirazve nhoroondo yepasi redu, dzichiburitsa zvakavanzika zve ecosystem yekare, shanduko dzemamiriro ekunze, uye zviitiko zve geological. Kunyange zvazvo zvinyorwa zvezvisaririra zvingave zvisina kukwana, mipiro yazvo mukunzwisisa stratigraphy inokosha, zvichisimbisa kukosha kwe paleontology munzvimbo yakakura yesainzi yePasi.
