Tsanangudzo yeEconomics Sekureva kweNyanzvi
Hupfumi chidzidzo chakaoma uye chakakura chinoongorora kuti vanhu vanogadzira sei, vanogovera, uye vanoshandisa sei zvinhu nemasevhisi. Pfungwa iyi inobva pakuti zvinodiwa nevanhu zvezviwanikwa zvishoma asi zvinodiwa hazvina muganho. Kuti tinzwisise zvakadzama hupfumi, tinogona kutarisa tsananguro dzakasiyana-siyana dzinopihwa nenyanzvi dziri mubasa iri. Pazasi pane tsananguro dzehupfumi zvichienderana nenyanzvi dzinoverengeka dzinotungamira.
Adam Smith (1723-1790)
Anowanzo zivikanwa sa "Baba veEconomics," Adam Smith, mubasa rake rine simba guru, "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations," kana anozivikanwa zviri nani se "The Wealth of Nations" (1776), akatsanangura hupfumi sekudzidza maitiro evanhu nenzanga sezvavanoedza kugutsa zvido zvisingaperi nezviwanikwa zvishoma. Sekureva kwaSmith, hupfumi hunotaura nezvenzira yekugadzirisa pfuma kuti usimudzire kubudirira. Akaunza pfungwa ye "ruoko rusingaonekwe," iyo inoratidza kuti kuburikidza nezviito zveudyire zvevanhu zvekuvandudza hutano hwavo, nenzira isina kunanga vanovandudzawo hutano hwenzanga yese.
David Ricardo (1772-1823)
David Ricardo, nyanzvi yezvehupfumi yeChirungu, anozivikanwa nedzidziso yake yekuenzanisa mukana wekubudirira. Akatsanangura hupfumi sechidzidzo chekugoverwa kwepfuma pakati pemapoka evanhu munharaunda. Mubhuku rake rinonzi "Principles of Political Economy and Taxation" (1817), Ricardo akaongorora kuti ivhu, vashandi, nemari zvinobatsira sei mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu uye kuti mari inobva mukugadzirwa ikoko inogoverwa sei munharaunda. Kwaari, hupfumi idzidzo inovavarira kunzwisisa nekugadzirisa kugoverwa kwezviwanikwa munharaunda.
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
John Stuart Mill, nyanzvi yezvehupfumi uye muzivi wekuEngland, mubhuku rake rinonzi "Principles of Political Economy" (1848), akataura kuti hupfumi isayenzi inodzidza kugadzirwa, kugoverwa, uye kushandiswa kwezvinhu nemasevhisi. Mill akatarisana nekuongorora hupfumi nemarongero anokanganisa kugoverwa kwemari nepfuma. Sekureva kwaMill, chinangwa chikuru chehupfumi ndechekusimudzira mufaro nekugara zvakanaka kwevanhu nenzira inoshanda uye yakarurama.
Alfred Marshall (1842-1924)
Alfred Marshall, anozivikanwa semumwe wevakatanga kambani iyi neoclassical economics, mu "Principles of Economics" (1890), yakatsanangura hupfumi sekudzidza kwevanhu mubhizinesi rehupenyu hwemazuva ese. Marshall akataura kuti hupfumi hunodzidza kuti vanhu vanowana sei mari uye kuti vanoishandisa sei. Akaunza pfungwa ye kuwanikwa uye kudiwa uye kusimba kwemuviri, izvo zviri mbiru dzekuongorora kwehupfumi hwemazuva ano. Sekureva kwaMarshall, hupfumi hunotaura nezvekushandiswa zvakanaka kwezviwanikwa izvo zvakaganhurirwa kusangana nezvinodiwa nevanhu zvisingaperi.
Lionel Robbins (1898-1984)
Lionel Robbins, muchinyorwa chake chine simba chinonzi "An Essay on the Nature and Kukosha kweScience yezvehupfumi" (1932), akapa tsananguro inogamuchirwa nevanhu vakawanda nhasi. Akati hupfumi isayenzi inodzidza maitiro evanhu vose. hukama pakati zvinangwa zvishoma uye nzira dzine mashandisirwo akawanda akasiyana. Tsananguro yaRobbins inosimbisa kugoverwa kwezviwanikwa zvishoma kuti zvizadzise zvinangwa zvakasiyana-siyana uye inoonekwa setsananguro yepamutemo yehupfumi hwemazuva ano. Robbins inoratidza kukosha kwekushanda zvakanaka uye kusarudza mukushandisa zviwanikwa zvishoma.
Joan Robinson (1903-1983)
Joan Robinson, nyanzvi yezvehupfumi inokosha kubva kuCambridge, anozivikanwa nemabasa ake mudzidziso yezvehupfumi uye kutsoropodzwa kwehutongi hwehupfumi. Mubhuku rake rinonzi "Economics is a Serious Subject" (1932), Robinson akatsanangura hupfumi sekudzidza mararamiro anoita vanhu hupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva. Robinson anonyanya kusimbisa kukanganisa kwemitemo yehupfumi munharaunda uye kuti kugoverwa kwepfuma nemari kunogona sei kugadzira kana kuderedza kusaenzana.
Paul Samuelson (1915-2009)
Paul Samuelson, akahwina mubairo weNobel Prize muhupfumi muna 1970, akatsanangura hupfumi mubhuku rake rinonzi “Economics: An Introductory Analysis” (1948) sechidzidzo chekuti nzanga dzinoshandisa sei zviwanikwa zvishoma kugadzira zvinhu zvinokosha uye kuzvigovera kuvanhu vakasiyana-siyana. Samuelson, anozivikanwawo semumwe wevakatanga hupfumi hwemazuva ano uye mutungamiriri wenzira yemasvomhu mukuongorora zvehupfumi, inotarisa pakushandiswa kwemamodheru nedzidziso kutsanangura zviitiko zvehupfumi.
Milton Friedman (1912-2006)
Milton Friedman, nyanzvi yezvehupfumi ine mukurumbira uye akahwina mubairo weNobel muhupfumi, akasimbisa chikamu chesarudzo mukutsanangura kwake hupfumi. Mubhuku rake rinonzi “Capitalism and Freedom” (1962), Friedman akatsanangura hupfumi sechidzidzo chekuti vanhu nenzanga vanoita sei sarudzo pamusoro pemashandisirwo ezviwanikwa zvishoma kuti vagutse zvavanoda. zvinodiwa uye zvinodiwa ivo.
Joseph Schumpeter (1883-1950)
Joseph Schumpeter, munhu akakosha muhupfumi hwekuvandudza, akatsanangura hupfumi sechidzidzo chekuti maitiro ekuvandudza, pamwe nekuchinja kwehupfumi, zvinokanganisa sei nzanga. Mubhuku rake rinonzi “Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy” (1942), Schumpeter akasimbisa pfungwa ye “kuparadza kwekugadzira,” uko kuvandudza nekuita mabhizinesi zvinogadzira shanduko muchimiro chehupfumi, zvichigadzira kukura, ukuwo zvichiparadza nzira dzekare nemaitiro.
John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946)
John Maynard Keynes, mumwe wenyanzvi dzezvehupfumi dzine simba guru muzana remakore rechi20, akatsanangura hupfumi maererano nebasa rahwo mukuchengetedza hutano hwakanaka uye kugadzikana kwemusika. Mubasa rake, "The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money" (1936), Keynes akatarisa kuti kudiwa kwese—kudiwa kwezvinhu nemasevhisi muhupfumi—kunosarudza kubuda kwenyika uye mazinga ebasa. Sekureva kwaKeynes, basa guru rehupfumi nderekugadzirisa nekugadzirisa kushanduka-shanduka kwebhizinesi kuti riwedzere hutano hwakanaka.
Amartya Sen (1933-)
Amartya Sen, nyanzvi yekufunga mune zvemari dzehutano nebudiriro, anoona hupfumi sechidzidzo chakabatana zvikuru nehunhu uye kururamisira. Mubhuku rake rinonzi "Development as Freedom" (1999), Sen anotsanangura hupfumi sechidzidzo chekuti tingavandudza sei kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu nekupa vanhu rusununguko rwekusarudza nekurarama hupenyu hwavanofunga kuti hwakakodzera. Kwaari, hupfumi hausi hwepfuma chete asiwo hwekuvandudza hupenyu hwevanhu mune zvese zvahwo.
Kubva mutsanangudzo dzakasiyana-siyana idzi, tinogona kugumisa kuti hupfumi hausi hwemari nekutengeserana chete, asi hunosanganisira kudzidza kwakakura kwemaitiro evanhu, sarudzo, uye kugoverwa kwezviwanikwa munharaunda. Tsananguro idzi dzinoratidza maonero akasiyana uye zvinotariswa zvichibva pane zvakaitika uye maitiro enyanzvi yega yega. Nekunzwisisa tsananguro idzi, tinogona kuona kuti hupfumi isayenzi inoshanduka, ine chekuita, uye yakakosha mukunzwisisa nekugadzirisa matambudziko akasiyana-siyana emagariro evanhu, ezvematongerwo enyika, uye ehupfumi ari kutarisana nenharaunda nhasi.
