Tsvakurudzo yezvokuchera matongo pamusoro pezvivakwa zveMegalithic
Zvivako zveMegalithic zviri pakati pezvisaririra zvetsika dzekare zvakazivikanwa zvikuru munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzepasi rose, kusanganisira Indonesia. Izwi rekuti megalithic rinobva pamashoko echiGiriki ekuti megas (hombe) uye lithos (dombo), zvichireva tsika yekuvaka zvivakwa kana zviyeuchidzo kubva pamatombo makuru. MuIndonesia, tsika yemegalithic haina kungogumira panguva imwe chete, asi yakabudirira kwenguva yakareba uye, mune dzimwe nzvimbo, yakatoenderera mberi kusvika munguva dzenhoroondo. Nokudaro, tsvakiridzo yezvakacherwa mumaumbirwo emegalithic yakakosha pakunzwisisa maitiro ekugara, zvitendero, kurongeka kwevanhu, uye hukama hwevanhu nenzvimbo munguva yakapfuura.
Tsanangudzo uye Kusiyana-siyana kweMagadzirirwo eMegalithic
Muzvidzidzo zvekuchera matongo, zvivakwa zvemegalithic zvinosanganisira marudzi akasiyana-siyana, zvichienderana nebasa razvo uye tsika dzemunharaunda. Mamwe marudzi akajairika anosanganisira menhirs (zviyeuchidzo zvematombo akamira), dolmens (matafura ematombo), sarcophagi (mabhokisi ematombo), makuva ematombo, mapiramidhi ane matanho (punden berundak), zvifananidzo zvematombo, uye kunyange "temu gelang" (bracelet yematombo). Tsika idzi dzinowanzo batanidzwa nekunamata madzitateguru, kutara nzvimbo, zviratidzo zvechinzvimbo munharaunda, kana tsika dzerufu.
MuIndonesia, huwandu hwenzvimbo dzegungwa hunowanikwa muSumatra (semuenzaniso, Pasemah), West Java (mapiramidhi ane matanho), Central Sulawesi (Bada Valley, Besoa, neNapu), East Nusa Tenggara (Sumba), nedzimwe nzvimbo dzinoverengeka. Kusiyana uku kwemhando kunoda nzira chaiyo yekutsvagisa kudzivirira mhedziso dzisina kurongeka nezvebasa radzo uye zvadzinoreva.
Zvinangwa zveMegalithic Archaeological Research
Tsvagiridzo yezvakacherwa mumatongo pamusoro pezvivakwa zve megalithic inowanzo tarisa kupindura mibvunzo yakati wandei inokosha. Chekutanga, zvivakwa izvi zvakavakwa uye zvakashandiswa riini? Chechipiri, ndivanaani vaitsigira tsika vakazvivaka uye vakazvishandisa? Chechitatu, basa rechivakwa ichi raive rei muhupenyu hwemagariro evanhu nechitendero munharaunda? Chechina, zvivakwa zve megalithic zvakabatana sei nezvakatipoteredza, zviwanikwa, uye maitiro ekugara? Cheshanu, basa razvo rakachinja here nekufamba kwenguva, semuenzaniso, kubva panzvimbo yetsika kuenda kuchiratidzo chekuzivikanwa kwenharaunda munguva yakazotevera?
Zvinangwa izvi zvakakosha kwete chete pakunzwisisa zvakapfuura asiwo pakutsigira kuchengetedza. Nzvimbo zhinji dzekare dzinosangana nekukuvara nekuda kwekuvandudzwa, kupambwa kwevhu, kuba zvinhu zvechinyakare, uye shanduko mukuronga nzvimbo. Mhedzisiro yekutsvagisa kwezvinocherwa mumatongo inogona kubatsira pakurudziro yekuchengetedza uye kusarudzwa kwenzvimbo dzenhaka dzetsika.
Matanho uye Nzira dzeKutsvaga Munda
Tsvagiridzo yezvakacherwa mumatongo inowanzotanga nekuongorora mabhuku uye kutsvaga data rekare. Vaongorori vanounganidza ruzivo nezvenzvimbo dzenzvimbo, zvakawanikwa kare, zvinyorwa zvetsika dzevanhu, mamepu enzvimbo, uye mifananidzo yesatellite . Maitiro aya anobatsira kugadzira fungidziro dzekutanga uye kuona nzira dzemunda.
Danho rinotevera nderekuongorora. Ongororo dzinoitwa kuti dzione kupararira kwezvivakwa, mamiriro enzvimbo, uye hukama huripo pakati pezvimiro. Ongororo dzinogona kutora chimiro chekuongorora pamusoro (kunyoresa zvakawanikwa zvinoonekwa pamusoro), ongororo dzakarongeka uchishandisa nzira dzekuongorora, kana ongororo dzakavakirwa patekinoroji dzakadai sekutora mifananidzo yemadrone uye GIS mapping. Panzvimbo dzemegalithic, mepu yakakosha nekuti nzvimbo yematombo, kurongeka kwemenhirs, kana kurongeka kwemapiramidhi ane materase zvinowanzobatanidzwa nemaitiro etsika uye kuronga nzvimbo dzevanhu.
Kana pachifanira kudiwa ruzivo rwakadzama, kucherwa (kuchera matongo) kunoitwa. Kucherwa kwematombo kunotarisa mamiriro ekunze, kureva zvidimbu zvevhu uye hukama huripo pakati pezviwanikwa. Muzvivakwa zvemegalithic, kucherwa kwematombo kunogona kuitwa panheyo dzematombo, munzvimbo dzinofungidzirwa kuti dzinoitwa patsika, kana mumakuva ematombo. Kubva muzvidimbu izvi, vaongorori vanogona kuwana zvinhu zvinotsigira zvakaita sezvidimbu zvehari, mabhora, zvasara zvemoto, kana mapfupa evanhu nemhuka.
Maitiro eKudanana uye Kuongorora kweLaboratory
Chimwe chezvinetso zvikuru mukutsvagurudza kwemegalithic ndechekutsvaga nguva. Dombo, iro chinhu chikuru, harigone kutsanangurwa kuti rakanyorwa riini neradiocarbon. Nokudaro, vanochera matongo vanovimba nekutsvaga nguva yezvinhu zvakasikwa zvinowanikwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana, akadai semarasha anobva mumarara ari kutsva, mapfupa, kana masara ehuni. Kutsvaga nguva neRadiocarbon (C-14) kunowanzo shandiswa kupa makore akazara.
Pamusoro pezvo, ongororo ye stratigraphic uye typology yezvinhu zvinogona kushandiswa. Semuenzaniso, typology yehari inogona kuratidza nguva dzakafanana zvichibva pakufanana kwechimiro uye matekiniki ekugadzira nedzimwe nzvimbo dzine mazuva. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, nzira yeOSL (Optically Stimulated Luminescence) inogona kushandiswa kusvika pakupera kwemvura yakapedzisira kuratidzwa muchiedza, zvichibatsira kufungidzira kuti ivhu rakatenderedza chivakwa rakapedzisira kuiswa riini kana kukanganiswa.
Kumwe kuongorora kwerabhoritari kunosanganisira kuongorora matombo kuti vaone manyuko ezvinhu uye nzira dzekugadzira, kuongorora zvisaririra kuti vaone mashandisirwo angangoitwa midziyo kana nzvimbo dzetsika, uye kuongorora zvisikwa kuti vaone zvisaririra zvevanhu. Kuongorora zvisikwa kunogona kuratidza zera, murume kana mukadzi, maitiro ezvirwere, uye kunyange zviratidzo zvekudya, zvichipa ruzivo rwehupenyu hwevanhu vakatsigira matombo makuru.
Maitiro Ekududzira: Kubva Pabasa Kuenda Pakureva
Kududzira zvivakwa zve megalithic hakuna kukwana nekungotsanangura kuti "iri iguva" kana kuti "iri inzvimbo yetsika." Vaongorori vematongo vanofanirwa kubatanidza ruzivo rwemunda nedzidziso dzevanhu uye nzira. Imwe nzira ndeyekuchera matongo , iyo inoona nzvimbo dze megalithic sechikamu chehurongwa hwakakura hwenzvimbo: kuva pedyo nenzizi, kukwirira kwakanangana, nzira, uye kunyange hukama nemakomo matsvene.
Kunewo nzira yekuongorora tsika dzevanhu vemazuva ano kana kuti venhoroondo, iyo inosanganisira kudzidza tsika dzevanhu vemazuva ano kana vekare vachiri kuchengetedza tsika dzematombo makuru (semuenzaniso, muSumba) kubatsira kududzira zvasara zvenhoroondo yekare. Zvisinei, vanochera matongo vanofanira kungwarira: kufananidza kwetsika dzevanhu hakurevi kuti zvakafanana, sezvo tsika dzichigona kuchinja uye zvinoreva tsika zvinogona kuchinja. Kuongorora tsika dzekare kunoshanda sehwindo rekuona kududzirwa kunogona kuitika, kwete "mhinduro chaiyo."
Matambudziko Ekutsvagisa: Mamiriro Akakanganiswa uye Tsika
Zvivakwa zvakawanda zvemegalithic zviri munzvimbo dzakashama, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kubviswa, kubiwa, kana kushandiswazve kwematombo ekuvaka kwemazuva ano. Kukanganiswa uku kunoparadza mamiriro ekare, izvo zvakakosha. Kufambisa kunyange mamita mashoma ematombo kunogona kuchinja kunzwisisa kwenzvimbo yacho, kurongeka kwenzvimbo, kana mashandiro ayo.
Chimwe chinetso ndechekutevedzera tsika uye hukama nevanhu vemunharaunda. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, nzvimbo dzekare dzichiri kuonekwa sedzitsvene uye dzakabatana nezvitendero zvevanhu. Tsvagiridzo inoda kutaurirana kwakanaka, kuwana mvumo, uye kuremekedza mitemo yetsika. Semuenzaniso, kuchera makuva kunoda kufunga zvakakomba nezvetsika : kana zvichibvumirwa, kuti zvitunha zvevanhu zvinofanira kubatwa sei, uye kuti zvinofanirwa kuziviswa sei kuvanhu vemunharaunda.
Mipiro Yekutsvagisa kuSainzi neKuchengetedza
Tsvagiridzo yezvakacherwa mumatongo pamusoro pezvivakwa zve megalithic yakaita mipiro yakakosha mukuvakazve nhoroondo refu yezvitsuwa zveIndonesia. Tsika dze megalithic dzakabatana nekukura kwetekinoroji , kurima, kuumbwa kwevatungamiriri vemunharaunda, uye kuoma kwemagariro evanhu. Kubva kunzvimbo dze megalithic, tinogona kuongorora kuti nharaunda dzekare dzakaronga sei mabasa ekufambisa matombo makuru, kuti vakagadzira sei zviratidzo zvesimba, uye kuti vakataurirana sei hukama nemadzitateguru nezvisikwa.
Uyezve, zvakawanikwa pakutsvagurudza zvinogona kushandiswa kugadzira nzira dzekuchengetedza dzinotungamirirwa nedata. Mepu yakadzama inobatsira kuona nzvimbo dzekudzivirira; kuongororwa kwemamiriro ematombo kunopa ruzivo pamusoro pezvirongwa zvekuchengetedza; uye magwaro esainzi anoshanda senzvimbo yekuchengetedza kana nzvimbo yacho ikakuvara. Uyezve, kutsvagurudza kunosanganisira nharaunda kunogona kukurudzira ruzivo rwevanhu vose kuti nzvimbo dzekare hadzisi "matombo ekare" chete asi nhaka yetsika inobata hunhu uye nhoroondo refu yevanhu.
Penutup
Zvivakwa zveMegalithic humbowo hwakasimba hwekugadzira, zvitendero, uye kurongeka kwevanhu vekare. Kuburikidza nekuongorora, kumepa, kuchera, kutara nguva, uye kuongorora mativi akasiyana-siyana, matongo anotsvaga kufumura nyaya dziri shure kwematombo makuru aya: ndiani akavaka, riini, nechinangwa chei, uye kuti akaita sei basa munharaunda yetsika. Tsvagiridzo yekungwarira, yetsika, uye yekuchengetedza ichaita kuti nhaka yeMegalithic isanzwisiswe chete padanho rayo rakadzika asiwo ichengetedzwe kuzvizvarwa zvinotevera.
