Kushanduka-shanduka kwevanhu vekare
Kushanduka-shanduka kwevanhu vepakutanga inyaya refu yekuchinja kwezvinhu zvipenyu netsika kwakaumba vanhu vemazuva ano. Maitiro aya haana kuitika munzira imwe chete, yakatsetseka kubva ku "tsoko kuenda kumunhu," asi mune mamwe mapazi ekushanduka-shanduka, mamwe acho akaguma nekutsakatika ukuwo mamwe akasiya zviratidzo zvemajini netsika. Vachishandisa zvisaririra, zvinhu zvekare, uye tsvakiridzo yemajini, masayendisiti ari kuunganidza mufananidzo wekuti madzitateguru edu akajaira sei nharaunda yavo, akagadzira mararamiro matsva, uye pakupedzisira akabereka Homo sapiens yatinoziva nhasi.
Chii chinonzi kushanduka-shanduka uye vanhu vakashanduka sei?
Kushanduka-shanduka kwehunhu hwemhuka muvanhu kubva kuchizvarwa kuenda kune chimwe. Kushanduka uku kunoitika nekuda kwekushanduka kwemajini, kusarudzwa kwechisikigo, kufamba kwemajini, uye kutama. Mudzinza revanhu, zvinhu zvakatipoteredza—zvakadai sekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, kuwanikwa kwechikafu, uye kutyisidzira kwezvikara—zvinoita kuti pave nekuchinjika kwakasiyana-siyana. Semuenzaniso, kugona kufamba wakatwasuka kunopa zvakanakira kuona kure muminda yakashama, kunochengetedza simba paunenge uchifamba daro refu, uye kunosunungura maoko ekutakura chikafu kana kushandisa maturusi.
Zvakakoshawo kunzwisisa kuti vanhu vemazuva ano havana "kubva" kumachimpanzi. Vanhu nemachimpanzi vane tateguru mumwe chete akararama mamiriyoni emakore apfuura. Kubva ipapo, nzira mbiri dzekushanduka-shanduka dzakabuda: imwe inotungamira kumachimpanzi emazuva ano, uye imwe inotungamira kumarudzi akasiyana-siyana ehominin (mapoka ane hukama hwepedyo nevanhu kupfuura mamwe maape makuru), kusanganisira vanhu.
Kutanga kwerwendo: hominins dzekutanga
Zvisaririra zvemahominin ekutanga zvakawanikwa muAfrica, kondinendi iyi inonzi ndiyo "nzvimbo yekuzvarwa" kwevanhu. Imwe hominin yekutanga iSahelanthropus tchadensis, iyo inofungidzirwa kuti yakararama makore angangoita mamiriyoni manomwe apfuura. Zvisaririra zvayo zvinoratidza mukana wekufamba wakatwasuka, kunyangwe humbowo hweizvi huchiri kukakavadzana. Zvakawanikwa zvakazotevera zvaisanganisira Orrorin tugenensis naArdipithecus, izvo zvinoratidza musanganiswa wehunhu: hwakaita setsoko (semuenzaniso, kukwira makomo), asiwo zviratidzo zvebipedalism.
Danho iri rinokosha nekuti rinoratidza kuti kushanduka kwevanhu kwakaitika zvishoma nezvishoma. Kufamba wakarurama hakuna kuteverwa nepfungwa huru kana tsika dzakaoma. Ma hominin ekutanga anoita seaigara munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana—masango, makwenzi, uye kunyange mipendero yema savanna—uye nokudaro akagadzira nzira dzekurarama dzinochinjika.
Australopithecus: mabhiped akasimba zvakanyanya
Makore angangoita mamiriyoni mana kusvika maviri apfuura, boka reAustralopithecus rakabuda. Mhando dzakakurumbira dzakadai seAustralopithecus afarensis (semuenzaniso, "Lucy" fossil) dzinoratidza kusimba kwemakumbo maviri zvakanyanya. Mapfupa avo echiuno nemakumbo aive akagadzirwa zvakanyanya kutsigira kufamba pasi, kunyangwe vangangodaro vachiri nehunyanzvi hwekukwira. Uropi hwavo hwaive huchiri hudiki zvichienzaniswa nevanhu vemazuva ano, asi shanduko muchimiro chemuviri dzakaisa hwaro hwekukura kwakazotevera.
Kudya kwakachinjawo munguva iyi. Kuongororwa kwemazino nemasotope kunoratidza kudya kwakasiyana-siyana: michero, tuber, zviyo, uye pamwe nyama. Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, uko kwakaita kuti dzimwe nzvimbo dzeAfrica dziome, kwakamanikidza hominins kushandisa zvekudya zvitsva. Kujaira kudya kwakasimba kana kuti kune fibrous kunogona kuonekwa muchimiro cheshaya nemazino.
Kubuda kwerudzi rweHomo: uropi hwakakura uye zvishandiso zvematombo
Makore angangoita mamiriyoni 2,8–2,3 apfuura, matongo ekutanga erudzi rweHomo akatanga kuoneka. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kutaurwa nezvacho iHomo habilis (makore angangoita mamiriyoni 2,4–1,4 apfuura). Rudzi urwu rwunobatanidzwa nekushandiswa kwematombo akareruka kubva mutsika dzeOldowan: matombo airohwa kuti abudise mipendero yakapinza yaigona kushandiswa kucheka nyama kana kupwanya mapfupa.
Chinjo huru murudzi rweHomo kwaive kuwedzera kwehukuru hwehuropi zvichienzaniswa neAustralopithecus. Uropi hwakakura hwakagonesa kugona kwakaoma kunzwisisa, kusanganisira kuronga, kushandira pamwe kwevanhu, uye kuvandudza zvishandiso. Zvisinei, kukura uku kwehuropi kwaidawo simba rakawanda. Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinotenda kuti kudya chikafu chine macalorie akawanda, kusanganisira nyama nemapfupa, kwakaita basa rekutsigira kukura kwehuropi.
Homo erectus: mukuru wekufamba-famba uye tenzi wemoto
Homo erectus (makore angangoita mamiriyoni 1,9 kusvika 110 apfuura) yaive imwe yemhando dzevanhu vekare vakabudirira zvikuru. Vaive nemiviri yakaenzana nevanhu vemazuva ano, kugona kufamba zvakanaka daro refu, uye pamwe kugona kumhanya. Kugadzira zvishandiso zvematombo kwakatangawo: tsika yeAcheulean ine demo rayo remaoko rakafanana uye rinoshandisika.
Chinhu chakakosha munguva iyi kwaive kuwedzera kwenzvimbo. Homo erectus yaive imwe yehominins dzekutanga kubva muAfrica ndokupararira muEurasia. Kutama uku kwakaratidza mwero wepamusoro wekuchinjika kunzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana—kubva kumasavanna kusvika kunzvimbo dzinotonhora.
Kugona moto kunowanzo nzi kunokonzerwa neHomo erectus kana kuti hominins dzakazotevera. Moto waive nemabhenefiti akawanda: kubika chikafu kuti chigayiwe zviri nyore, kudziyisa, kudzinga zvikara, uye kuita kuti zviite basa rehusiku. Kubika kwakawedzerawo simba rechikafu, zvichida kusimbisa hukama huripo pakati pekukura kwetsika nekuchinja kwehupenyu.
Kusiyana kwevanhu vekare: Neanderthals, Denisovans, nevamwe
Mushure meHomo erectus, kushanduka-shanduka kwevanhu kwakaenderera mberi. MuEurope neWest Asia, maHomo neanderthalensis (maNeanderthal) akabuda makore angangoita 400 kusvika 40 apfuura. MaNeanderthal aiva nemiviri yakasimba yakakodzera mamiriro ekunze anotonhora, tsika yezvigadzirwa zvepamusoro (Mousterian), uye humbowo hwehunhu hwekufananidzira hwakadai sekuvigwa kwakasiyana. Vakanga vasiri "varume vehafu-ape," asi vaiva hama dzepedyo dzevanhu vemazuva ano, nevanhu vanochinjika uye vakangwara.
MuAsia, kuwanikwa kwemajini kwakaratidza kuvapo kweDenisovans—boka revanhu vekare rinozivikanwa zvikuru kubva muzvisaririra zvishoma zvezvisaririra, asi vane zviratidzo zveDNA zvakawanikwa mumarudzi emazuva ano evanhu, kunyanya muAsia neOceania. Kunewo mhando dzakasiyana dzakadai seHomo floresiensis paFlores (Indonesia), iyo yaiva diki uye yakararama kusvika makore angangoita 50 apfuura. Kuvapo kwavo kunoratidza kuti kushanduka-shanduka kwevanhu hakusi kungoda "kukura" kana "kungwara," asiwo nezvekuchinja kwakasiyana-siyana kwenzvimbo.
Homo sapiens: vanhu vemazuva ano uye kupararira kwepasi rose
Homo sapiens yakabuda muAfrica makore angangoita 300 apfuura. Hunhu hukuru hwevanhu vemazuva ano hunosanganisira dehenya rakatenderera, chiso chakatsetseka, uye maumbirwo akasiyana-siyana emuviri anoenderana nenzvimbo yavo. Zvisinei, chinonyanya kuoneka kuoma kwetsika: mutauro wakasimukira, zviratidzo, hunyanzvi, tekinoroji iri kuwedzera kuomarara, uye masocial network akakura.
Makore angangoita 60–70 apfuura (kana kuti kare, zvichienderana nehumwe humbowo), vanhu vemazuva ano vakatanga kupararira kubva muAfrica uye pakupedzisira vakapararira muchikamu chikuru chekondinendi. Mukuita izvi, vakadyidzana nemamwe mapoka akadai seNeanderthals neDenisovans. Zvidzidzo zveDNA zvakaratidza kuti vamwe vanhu vemazuva ano vakagara nhaka majini madiki kubva kumapoka aya. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kusangana kwemarudzi akasiyana hakugumi nekukakavadzana nguva dzose; dzimwe nguva kuberekana kunoitika, zvichisiya nhaka yemajini ichiripo nanhasi.
Kushanduka kwetsika: kiyi yekubudirira kwevanhu
Kusasiyana kwevanhu kuri muzvinhu zvipenyu chete, asiwo mukushanduka-shanduka kwetsika. Ruzivo runogona kupfuudzwa kwete chete kuburikidza nemajini, asiwo kuburikidza nekudzidza, mutauro, uye tsika. Kana vanhu vakawana nzira itsva dzekuvhima, mbatya, kana nzira dzekupona, ruzivo irworwo runogona kupararira nekukurumidza mukati memapoka, kunyangwe pakati pezvizvarwa, pasina kumirira shanduko yemajini.
Kukwanisa kushandira pamwe chete pamwero mukuru kwaivewo chinhu chakakosha chinosiyanisa. Vanhu vakakwanisa kuvaka nharaunda dzakakura, kupa mabasa, uye kugadza mitemo yemagariro evanhu. Uku ndiko kukura kwakaita kurima, maguta, uye kunyange budiriro. Kunyangwe hunyanzvi uhu hwakatanga kare mushure metsika dzevanhu dzekutanga, midzi yahwo yatove pachena mukukura zvishoma nezvishoma kwemaitiro evanhu, kushandiswa kwemidziyo, uye kutaurirana.
Penutup
Kushanduka-shanduka kwevanhu vepakutanga kwaive rwendo rurefu rwakazara nekuyedza kwechisikigo. "Matavi" mazhinji evanhu vekutanga akabuda, akaramba aripo, ndokuzopera, nepo rimwe bazi—Homo sapiens—rakararama ndokupararira pasi rose. Kuburikidza nezvinyorwa zvemafossil, maturusi ematombo, zvisaririra zvemoto, uye kuongororwa kweDNA, tinonzwisisa zvakanyanya kuti mavambo evanhu haasi nyaya yakapfava, asi pane kungova mufananidzo wakaoma wekuchinja kwezvinhu zvipenyu uye hunyanzvi hwetsika. Kunzwisisa kushanduka-shanduka kwevanhu vepakutanga hakungopi mhinduro pamusoro pekwatakabva chete, asiwo kunotibatsira kunzwisisa kuti kuchinja, kushandira pamwe, uye ruzivo zvakaumba sei rwendo rwemarudzi edu kusvika nhasi.
