Njira Yolumikizirana ya Ma Pointi Ambiri
Mu dziko la maukonde a mauthenga ndi makompyuta, kufunika kolumikiza zipangizo zingapo nthawi imodzi kukuwonjezeka. Ngakhale kuti kulankhulana kunali kolunjika (wotumiza m'modzi kupita kwa wolandila m'modzi), zochitika zambiri tsopano zimafuna njira imodzi yolankhulirana yomwe ingagawidwe ndi zipangizo zingapo. Apa ndi pomwe lingaliro la njira yolankhulirana yokhala ndi mfundo zambiri limakhala lofunika. Dongosololi limalola ma node angapo—kaya makompyuta, masensa, zipangizo za IoT, kapena malo olumikizirana—kugawana njira imodzi yotumizira mauthenga, zomwe zimathandiza kuti kulumikizana kukhale kogwira mtima, kotsika mtengo, komanso kosinthasintha pamlingo waukulu.
Kumvetsetsa Njira Zolumikizirana Zambiri
Dongosolo lolumikizirana la mapointi ambiri ndi mtundu wa kulumikizana kwa deta komwe zipangizo zoposa ziwiri zimalumikizidwa ndikulankhulana pogwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizirana yomweyi. Njira yolumikizirana iyi imatha kukhala ndi waya (monga coaxial, twisted pair, kapena fiber optic) kapena opanda waya (Wi-Fi, wailesi, foni). Mosiyana ndi mfundo imodzi, yomwe imapereka njira yodzipatulira pakati pa zipangizo ziwiri, mfundo imodzi imagwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi yogawana pa zipangizo zingapo.
Popeza kuti zoulutsira nkhani zimagawidwa, makina okhala ndi mfundo zambiri amafunika njira yowongolera kuti deta isagonje, ndipo pali malamulo okhudza amene angatumize, nthawi yotumizira, ndi momwe detayo imalandirira ndi chipangizo chopitako.
Makhalidwe Aakulu
Pali makhalidwe angapo ofunikira omwe amasiyanitsa machitidwe a ma multipoint ndi mitundu ina yolumikizirana:
1. Zoulutsira nkhani zogawana
Zipangizo zambiri zimagawana njira imodzi, kotero kugwira ntchito bwino kungawonjezeke ngati zipangizo zina nthawi zambiri zimakhala "zosalankhula" ndipo zimangotumiza nthawi zina.
2. Mukufuna njira yowongolera mwayi wopeza
Popeza njirayo ndi yogawana, zowongolera ziyenera kukhalapo kuti ma transmissions asasokonezeke. Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo kutumiza kwa token, CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA, TDMA, kuvotera, ndi zina.
3. Kuchuluka kwa kukula
Multipoint ndi yoyenera kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha zipangizo popanda kuwonjezera mizere yeniyeni nthawi iliyonse chipangizo chatsopano chikawonjezedwa, ngakhale kuti kukula kumeneku kuli ndi malire pamene zoulutsira nkhani zikukhala zodzaza kwambiri.
4. Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndalama
Ponena za kukhazikitsa ndi zipangizo za chingwe/chipangizo, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotsika mtengo kuposa kupanga kulumikizana kwa mfundo ndi mfundo pa chipangizo chilichonse.
Momwe Zimagwirira Ntchito Mwambiri
Mu mapointi ambiri, zipangizo zonse zimalumikizidwa ku cholumikizira chimodzi. Chipangizo chimodzi chikatumiza deta, chizindikirocho "chimafalitsidwa" pa cholumikiziracho ndipo chimatha "kuwoneka" ndi zipangizo zina. Kuti zitsimikizire kuti detayo yafika komwe ikupita koyenera, nthawi zambiri imapatsidwa adilesi. Zipangizo zomwe zili ndi maadiresi ofanana zimalandira ndikukonza detayo, pomwe zipangizo zina zimainyalanyaza.
Komabe, vuto lalikulu ndi nthawi yofikira pa media. Ngati zipangizo ziwiri zimatumiza nthawi imodzi, zizindikiro zimatha kugundana. Pofuna kuthana ndi vutoli, makina ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira zowongolera mwayi wofikira pa media (MAC).
Njira Zowongolera Kufikira pa Multipoint
Nazi njira zina zodziwika bwino:
1. CSMA/CD (Kupeza Katundu Wosiyanasiyana ndi Kuzindikira Kugundana)
Njira imeneyi inali yotchuka mu Ethernet yakale pogwiritsa ntchito zingwe za coaxial kapena ma hub. Chipangizocho choyamba "chimamvetsera" zoulutsira mawu. Ngati ndi chaulere, chimatumiza mauthenga. Ngati kugundana kwachitika, chipangizocho chimazindikira kugundanako ndipo chimadikira nthawi yosasinthika chisanayesenso. CSMA/CD sichigwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri mu Ethernet yamakono chifukwa ma network osinthika amachepetsa kugundana.
2. CSMA/CA (Kupewa Kugundana)
Imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu Wi-Fi. Popeza kuzindikira kugundana pa chipangizo chopanda zingwe kumakhala kovuta, Wi-Fi imaletsa kugundana pogwiritsa ntchito njira monga kutalikirana pakati pa mafelemu ndi nthawi yobwerera. Izi ndizoyenera kulumikizana kwa ma waya ambiri komwe zipangizo zambiri zimapikisana kuti zilowe mu mawonekedwe a mpweya.
3. Kupereka Chizindikiro
Mu njira iyi, "token" imadutsa pakati pa zipangizo. Chipangizo chokha chomwe chili ndi token ndicho chimaloledwa kutumiza. Njirayi imalola kuti anthu azitha kupeza mosavuta komanso kuchepetsa kugundana, koma token ziyenera kusamalidwa bwino kuti zisamatayike kapena kugwa.
4. Kuvota (Kwapakati)
Pali chowongolera chimodzi (master) chomwe chimayesa chipangizo chilichonse payekhapayekha kuti chione ngati chikufuna kutumiza. Njirayi ndi yosavuta komanso yoyenera maukonde ena amakampani, koma ingakhale yofooka ngati chiwerengero cha zipangizozo chili chachikulu chifukwa cha ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa.
5. TDMA (Kugawa Nthawi Zambiri)
Zipangizo zoulutsira nkhani zimagawidwa m'malo owerengera nthawi. Chipangizo chilichonse chimapatsidwa nthawi yake yotumizira. TDMA ndi yofala m'makompyuta a mafoni ndi mawayilesi a digito. Ubwino wake ndi wodziwikiratu; vuto lake ndilakuti malo amatha kutayika ngati chipangizocho chilibe deta.
Ma Topologies Ogwiritsidwa Ntchito Kawirikawiri
Machitidwe a ma multipoint nthawi zambiri amawonekera m'ma topology angapo a netiweki:
1. Basi
Zipangizo zonse zimalumikizidwa ku chingwe chimodzi chachikulu. Ichi ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha maukonde a mapointi ambiri. Vuto lake ndi lakuti ngati chingwe chachikulu chalephera, maukonde onse amasokonekera.
2. Nyenyezi (yokhala ndi malo olumikizirana kapena malo olowera)
Mwachilengedwe, ndi nyenyezi, koma mwanzeru, ikhoza kukhala ndi mapointi ambiri chifukwa zipangizo zonse zimagawana chipangizo chimodzi. Mu Wi-Fi, malo olowera amatumikira makasitomala ambiri pa njira imodzi ya wailesi.
3. Malo opanda zingwe ambiri
Chotumizira chimodzi kapena siteshoni yoyambira imatumikira zida zingapo. Zitsanzo: ma netiweki am'manja, Wi-Fi, wailesi yotsegula, kapena ma netiweki a IoT ochokera ku LoRaWAN.
Zitsanzo za Ntchito Zapadziko Lonse
Machitidwe olumikizirana okhala ndi mfundo zambiri ali ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo:
– Netiweki ya Wi-Fi yakunyumba/yaofesi: malo amodzi olowera amapereka ma laputopu, mafoni am'manja, osindikiza, ma TV anzeru, ndi zida za IoT.
– Netiweki ya mafoni: BTS imodzi imatumikira ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri mu selo imodzi, ndi njira yoyendetsera njira ndi nthawi/mafupipafupi.
- Makina ndi masensa a IoT: masensa ambiri amatumiza deta ku chipata pogwiritsa ntchito protocol inayake.
– Ma network a mafakitale (SCADA/PLC): zipangizo zambiri zam'munda zimalumikizana ndi wolamulira kudzera mu basi yolumikizirana.
- Misonkhano ya ma multipoint: kulankhulana kwa ma audio/kanema kwa magulu ambiri, nthawi zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito seva kapena MCU (Multipoint Control Unit) kuti iyendetse kayendedwe ka media.
Ubwino wa Njira Zolankhulirana Zambiri
1. Zomangamanga zotsika mtengo kwambiri
Sitima imodzi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi zipangizo zingapo, zomwe zimachepetsa kufunika kwa zingwe ndi madoko.
2. Yosinthasintha powonjezera ma node
Kuwonjezera chipangizo chatsopano nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosavuta kuposa kuwonjezera kulumikizana kwa mfundo ndi mfundo.
3. Yoyenera deta yosakhazikika
Mwachitsanzo, sensa yomwe imatumiza ma byte ochepa nthawi ndi nthawi. Zogawana zimagwirira ntchito bwino.
4. Imathandizira mitundu yowulutsa ndi yowonera zinthu zambiri
Chidziwitso chingatumizidwe nthawi imodzi ku zipangizo zingapo (monga zolengeza, zosintha, kapena kulunzanitsa).
Zofooka ndi Zovuta
1. Kuthekera kwa kugundana ndi kutsekeka kwa zinthu
Zipangizo zikagwira ntchito kwambiri, chiopsezo cha kugundana kapena mizere chimawonjezeka.
2. Chitetezo ndi chinsinsi
Chifukwa cha ma media omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi, deta imawonedwa mosavuta ngati palibe njira yabwino yobisa ndi kutsimikizira.
3. Zoletsa za Bandwidth
Kuchuluka kwa bandwidth kumagawidwa. Ngati wogwiritsa ntchito m'modzi akugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri, ogwiritsa ntchito ena angakhudzidwe.
4. Kudalira malamulo olowera
Kuchita bwino kwa ma multipoint kumatsimikiziridwa kwambiri ndi protocol ya MAC ndi kasinthidwe ka netiweki.
5. Kuthetsa mavuto n'kovuta kwambiri
Kusokoneza ma media ogawana kungakhudze zida zingapo nthawi imodzi.
Kuyerekeza ndi Point-to-Point
Njira yolumikizirana pakati pa mfundo ziwiri, yomwe imalumikiza zipangizo ziwiri zokha, ndi yabwino kwambiri. Ubwino wake ndi kukhazikika kwakukulu komanso mphamvu yotsimikizika ya awiriwa. Komabe, ndalama zimawonjezeka ndi zipangizo zambiri, chifukwa pamafunika kulumikizana kambiri. Njira yolumikizirana pakati pa mfundo ziwiri ndi yosiyana: ndi yotsika mtengo komanso yosinthasintha pa ma node ambiri, koma imafuna kuyang'anira mwayi wolowera ndi kugawana mphamvu.
Mwachidule, mfundo ndi mfundo ndizoyenera kulumikizana kwambiri pakati pa mfundo ziwiri (monga, msana wa pakati pa maofesi), pomwe mfundo zambiri ndizoyenera malo okhala ndi zida zambiri komanso magalimoto osiyanasiyana (monga netiweki ya ofesi, Wi-Fi ya anthu onse, kapena makina ojambulira).
Kutseka
Machitidwe olumikizirana okhala ndi mapointi ambiri ndi maziko ofunikira kwambiri pa ma network amakono, kuyambira pa Wi-Fi ndi mafoni mpaka pa IoT ndi machitidwe a mafakitale. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira yogawana, mapointi ambiri amapereka njira yogwiritsira ntchito ndalama moyenera komanso yosavuta kukulitsa, koma amafunika njira zodalirika zowongolera mwayi kuti zitsimikizire kuti kulumikizana kwadongosolo, kotetezeka, komanso kogwira ntchito bwino. Kumvetsetsa malingaliro a mapointi ambiri ndikofunikira osati kwa mainjiniya a ma network okha komanso kwa aliyense amene akufuna kupanga machitidwe olumikizirana omwe angatumikire bwino zida zambiri m'nthawi ino yolumikizirana kwambiri.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kuwonjezera zitsanzo za topology diagrams, ma case studies (monga, campus Wi‑Fi kapena ma sensor network), kapena kukulitsa zokambiranazo ku ma protocol enaake monga Ethernet, LoRaWAN, kapena multipoint video conferencing architectures.
