Ukadaulo Wokonza Zithunzi
Kukonza zithunzi ndi gawo la sayansi ndi uinjiniya lomwe limayang'ana kwambiri momwe makompyuta amasinthira, kukulitsa, kusanthula, ndikumvetsetsa zithunzi za digito. M'moyo wamakono, ukadaulo uwu ulipo pafupifupi kulikonse: kuyambira makamera a foni yam'manja omwe amawonjezera zithunzi zokha, machitidwe achitetezo omwe amazindikira nkhope, mapulogalamu azachipatala omwe amawerenga zithunzi za X-ray, mpaka magalimoto odziyimira pawokha omwe "amawona" msewu. Kukonza zithunzi ndi mlatho wofunikira pakati pa dziko lowoneka ndi makina a makompyuta, chifukwa zimathandiza kuti chidziwitso mu mawonekedwe a zithunzi chisinthidwe kukhala deta yomwe ingakonzedwe kuti ipange zisankho.
Tanthauzo ndi Chigawo
Kawirikawiri, kukonza zithunzi ndi njira yosinthira chithunzi cha digito kuti chiwongolere khalidwe lake kapena kuchotsa zambiri zinazake. Zithunzi za digito zimapangidwa ndi ma pixel, madontho ang'onoang'ono omwe ali ndi mphamvu kapena mitundu. Mu zithunzi zakuda, pixel iliyonse nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mtengo wa 0–255 (wakuda mpaka woyera). Mu zithunzi zamitundu, ma pixel nthawi zambiri amaimiridwa kudzera mu njira za RGB (Red, Green, Blue), iliyonse yokhala ndi mitundu yakeyake.
Ntchito yokonza zithunzi imaphatikizapo ntchito zingapo zazikulu: kupeza zithunzi (kujambula zithunzi kuchokera ku kamera kapena sensa), kukonza zinthu pasadakhale (kusintha khalidwe monga kuchepetsa phokoso), kusintha (monga kuzungulira kapena kukulitsa zithunzi), kusanthula (monga kuzindikira zinthu), mpaka kutanthauzira komwe nthawi zambiri kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi masomphenya a pakompyuta ndi luntha lochita kupanga.
Magawo Oyambira Okonza Zithunzi
Kawirikawiri, kukonza zithunzi nthawi zambiri kumatsatira njira zosiyanasiyana. Choyamba ndi kupeza zithunzi, njira yopezera zithunzi pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo monga makamera a digito, ma scanner, ma drones, kapena masensa azachipatala monga ma CT scan ndi ma MRI. Ubwino wa kupeza zithunzi ndi wofunikira kwambiri pa zotsatira zake, chifukwa zithunzi zomwe zili zakuda kwambiri, zosawoneka bwino, kapena zopanga phokoso zimakhala zovuta kuzisanthula.
Gawo lachiwiri ndi kukonza zinthu pasadakhale. Cholinga chake ndikuwongolera khalidwe la chithunzi kuti chikhale chosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito m'magawo otsatira. Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo kuchepetsa phokoso (kusokoneza kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kapena ma speckle), kukulitsa, kulinganiza kuwala, kapena kukonza mitundu. Kukonzekera zinthu pasadakhale kungaphatikizeponso kusintha kukula kwa chithunzi ndikusintha mawonekedwe, mwachitsanzo, kuchokera ku RGB kupita ku grayscale kuti kuwerengetsera kukhale kosavuta.
Gawo lachitatu ndi kugawa magawo, komwe kumasiyanitsa madera ofunikira ndi kumbuyo. Kugawa magawo ndikofunikira m'njira zosiyanasiyana, monga kulekanitsa maselo amagazi ndi kumbuyo mu chithunzi cha maikulosikopu, kapena kulekanitsa magalimoto pamsewu ndi malo ozungulira. Njira zogawa magawo zitha kukhala zosavuta monga kugawa malire (kuzindikira malire a kuwala ndi mdima) kapena zovuta monga kugawa magawo ozikidwa pa kuphunzira kwakukulu.
Gawo lotsatira ndi kuchotsa zinthu, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kuchotsa makhalidwe enaake kuchokera pachithunzi, monga m'mphepete, kapangidwe, mawonekedwe, kapena kapangidwe. Zinthuzi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira zinthu kapena kugawa zithunzi m'magulu. Pomaliza, kuzindikira ndi kutanthauzira, monga kudziwa ngati chithunzi chili ndi chotupa, ngati nkhope ikugwirizana ndi deta inayake, kapena ngati chinthucho chili ndi vuto, zimakhudzidwa.
Njira Zodziwika Kwambiri Pokonza Zithunzi
Njira zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza zithunzi, kutengera cholinga ndi mtundu wa chithunzi. Njira imodzi yofunika kwambiri ndiyo kusefa. Mafyuluta angagwiritsidwe ntchito kusalala chithunzi kuti achepetse phokoso, kapena kugogomezera tsatanetsatane (kunola). Chitsanzo cha fyuluta yosalala ndi Gaussian blur, pomwe mafyuluta onola nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ma kernels enaake monga Laplacian.
Njira ina yofunika kwambiri ndi kuzindikira m'mphepete, mwachitsanzo pogwiritsa ntchito Sobel, Prewitt, kapena Canny operators. Kuzindikira m'mphepete n'kothandiza pozindikira malire a chinthu, motero kumathandiza kugawa ndi kusanthula mawonekedwe. Kuphatikiza apo, kusintha kwa mawonekedwe monga kukokoloka ndi kukulitsa nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pazithunzi za binary kuti akonze mawonekedwe a chinthu, kutseka mabowo ang'onoang'ono, kapena kuchotsa phokoso.
Mu kukonza zithunzi zamakono, kuphunzira kwa makina, makamaka kuphunzira mozama, kumachita gawo lofunika kwambiri. Ma network a neural convolutional (CNNs) amatha kuphunzira zokha zinthu zazithunzi popanda kufunikira kapangidwe ka mawonekedwe amanja. Ukadaulo uwu watsimikizira kuti ndi wothandiza pakugawa zithunzi, kuzindikira zinthu (monga YOLO ndi Faster R-CNN), komanso kugawa mawu (monga U-Net ndi Mask R-CNN). Kuphunzira mozama kumathandiza makompyuta kuzindikira mawonekedwe ovuta, ngakhale pansi pa mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana yowunikira ndi ma angles owonera.
Ntchito M'minda Yosiyanasiyana
Kukonza zithunzi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo ambiri. Mu chisamaliro chaumoyo, zithunzi zachipatala zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthandiza madokotala kuzindikira matenda. Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo kusanthula kwa X-ray kuti azindikire matenda a m'mapapo, kukonza MRI kuti aone minofu ya ubongo, komanso kuzindikira khansa koyambirira kudzera mu zithunzi za mammography. Kukonza zithunzi kumatha kuwonjezera kusiyana, kuwonetsa madera okayikitsa, komanso kuthandiza kuyeza kukula kwa chotupa molondola.
Mu gawo la chitetezo, ukadaulo wozindikira nkhope ndi kuzindikira zochitika zokayikitsa zimadalira kwambiri kukonza zithunzi ndi kuwona kwa makompyuta. Makamera amakono a CCTV amatha kuphatikizidwa ndi ma algorithms kuti azindikire ma plate a magalimoto (ANPR), kuyang'anira khamu la anthu, kapena kuzindikira kuphwanya malamulo m'malo enaake.
Mu mafakitale ndi kupanga, kukonza zithunzi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'ana bwino. Makina owunikira maso amatha kuzindikira zinthu zolakwika pamizere yopangira, kuwerengera zinthu, kuwerenga ma QR code kapena ma barcode, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti kukula kwa zigawozo kukukwaniritsa miyezo. Ubwino wake ndi liwiro komanso kusasinthasintha, chifukwa makina odziyimira pawokha amatha kugwira ntchito mosatopa ndikuchepetsa zolakwika za anthu.
Mu gawo la ulimi, zithunzi zochokera ku ma drone kapena ma satellite zitha kufufuzidwa kuti ziwunikire thanzi la mbewu, kuzindikira kusowa kwa madzi, kujambula madera omwe ali ndi tizilombo towononga, ndikuyerekeza zokolola za mbewu. Njira zogwiritsira ntchito zithunzi zimathandiza kusanthula zomera kudzera mu zizindikiro monga Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), zomwe zimathandiza alimi kupanga zisankho motsatira deta.
Ngakhale m'dziko la zosangalatsa ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, kukonza zithunzi n'kodziwika bwino. Zotsatira zosefera, kusalala kwa nkhope, kusintha maziko, komanso kupanga zinthu zenizeni (AR) zimagwiritsa ntchito njira monga kugawa magawo nthawi yeniyeni ndi kutsatira nkhope. Ukadaulo uwu umapangitsa kuti zochitika za digito zikhale zosangalatsa komanso zachinsinsi.
Mavuto ndi Nkhani Zachikhalidwe
Ngakhale kuti pali ubwino waukulu, kukonza zithunzi kumakumananso ndi mavuto aakulu. Chimodzi mwa zinthuzi ndi kuchepa kwa ubwino wa deta: zithunzi zosawoneka bwino, kuwala koipa, kusawoneka bwino, kapena phokoso zimatha kuchepetsa kulondola kwa makina. Kuphatikiza apo, kuphunzira mozama kumafuna khama lalikulu la makompyuta, makamaka pa kukonza nthawi yeniyeni, monga m'magalimoto odziyendetsa okha.
Kuchokera pamalingaliro a makhalidwe abwino, nkhani yomwe imabuka nthawi zambiri ndi yachinsinsi. Kugwiritsa ntchito makamera ndi kuzindikira nkhope kungayambitse nkhawa zokhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika deta komanso kuyang'aniridwa mopitirira muyeso. Palinso nkhani ya tsankho la algorithmic, monga machitidwe ozindikira nkhope omwe akuchita zoyipa kwambiri pamagulu ena chifukwa cha deta yophunzitsira yosalinganika. Chifukwa chake, chitukuko cha ukadaulo wokonza zithunzi chimafuna malamulo, kuwonekera poyera, komanso kapangidwe ka makina koyenera.
Tsogolo la Kukonza Zithunzi
Tsogolo la ukadaulo wokonza zithunzi likuyembekezeka kukhala lovuta komanso logwirizana. Machitidwe azigwira ntchito kwambiri pazida zam'manja monga mafoni anzeru ndi makamera anzeru, zomwe zimathandiza kuti ntchito iziyenda mwachangu popanda kudalira nthawi zonse pa mtambo. Kupita patsogolo kwa mitundu ya AI yopangira zinthu kukutsegulanso mwayi watsopano, monga kubwezeretsa zithunzi zakale, kukulitsa mawonekedwe (super-resolution), komanso kupanga zinthu zowoneka zokha.
Kuphatikiza apo, mgwirizano pakati pa kukonza zithunzi, intaneti ya zinthu (IoT), ndi robotics udzathandizira automation m'magawo osiyanasiyana. Ndi masensa abwino komanso ma algorithms osinthika, makompyuta azitha "kuona" dziko lapansi molondola komanso molimba.
Mapeto
Ukadaulo wokonza zithunzi ndi maziko ofunikira kwambiri pakupanga zinthu zatsopano pa digito, kuyambira pa chisamaliro chaumoyo ndi chitetezo mpaka mafakitale ndi ulimi komanso zosangalatsa. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyambira zokonza, ma algorithm owunikira, ndi luntha lochita kupanga, zithunzi za digito zitha kusinthidwa kukhala chidziwitso chofunikira. Komabe, kupita patsogolo kumeneku kuyenera kulinganizidwa ndi zovuta zaukadaulo ndi zamakhalidwe abwino, makamaka zokhudzana ndi zachinsinsi komanso tsankho. Ndi chitukuko chodalirika, kukonza zithunzi kudzapitiliza kukhala ukadaulo wofunikira kwambiri womwe umasintha momwe anthu amagwirira ntchito ndi dziko lowoneka m'nthawi yamakono.
