Kulankhulana kwa Undersea Fiber Optic
Mu nthawi ya digito, pafupifupi zochita zonse za anthu—kuyambira kutumiza mauthenga ndi kuonera makanema mpaka kuchita misonkhano ya pa intaneti ndi zochitika za banki—zimadalira intaneti yofulumira komanso yokhazikika. Komabe, anthu ochepa amadziwa kuti maziko a intaneti yapadziko lonse si ma satellite, koma zingwe za fiber-optic zomwe zimatambasuka pansi pa nyanja. Maziko amenewa amadziwika kuti zingwe za fiber-optic zam'madzi, njira yolumikizirana yomwe imalumikiza makontinenti ndi mayiko a zilumba kudzera mu mizere yotumizira deta yolimba kwambiri.
Kodi kulankhulana kwa fiber optic pansi pa madzi n'chiyani?
Kulankhulana kwa fiber-optic pansi pa nyanja ndi njira yotumizira deta kudzera mu ulusi wa kuwala womwe uli pansi pa nyanja. Deta imatumizidwa mu mawonekedwe a kuwala komwe kumayenda pakati pa ulusiwo, wopangidwa ndi galasi kapena pulasitiki yapamwamba kwambiri. Chifukwa chakuti imagwiritsa ntchito kuwala, ulusi wa kuwala ukhoza kunyamula zambirimbiri pa liwiro lalikulu komanso ndi kutayika kochepa kwa chizindikiro (kuchepa) poyerekeza ndi zingwe zamkuwa.
Zingwe za sitima zapamadzi ndizofunikira chifukwa zimawalola kulumikiza madera olekanitsidwa ndi nyanja popanda kudalira nyengo yamlengalenga kapena mphamvu yochepa ya satelayiti. Munthu akayimba foni kuchokera ku Indonesia kupita ku Europe, deta ya kuyimbayo mwina imadutsa m'magawo angapo a chingwe cha sitima zapamadzi isanafike komwe ikupita.
Kapangidwe ka chingwe cha sitima yapamadzi
Ngakhale kuti zingwe za fiber optic zam'madzi zimaoneka zosavuta, zimakhala zovuta kuzipanga ndipo zimapangidwa kuti zipirire kuthamanga kwambiri, dzimbiri, komanso kuwonongeka kwakuthupi. Kawirikawiri, zingwe zimakhala ndi zigawo zingapo:
1. Chimake cha fiber optic: gawo lalikulu lomwe limanyamula chizindikiro cha kuwala. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala ma fiber awiriawiri a njira ziwiri ndi kuchulukirachulukira.
2. Choteteza chachikulu: chimateteza ulusi ku chinyezi ndi kupindika pang'ono.
3. Chubu chotetezera kutentha kapena wosanjikiza: chimasunga umphumphu wa chingwecho.
4. Chitsulo (zotetezera): m'malo ena, makamaka pafupi ndi gombe, chingwecho chili ndi zida zachitsulo kuti chisawonongeke ndi nangula za sitima kapena ntchito za usodzi.
5. Polyethylene wakunja wosanjikiza: umateteza chingwe ku madzi a m'nyanja ndi kusweka.
Kukhuthala kwa chingwe kumatha kusiyana malinga ndi malo. M'madzi osaya, zingwe zimakhala zokhuthala komanso zotetezedwa. M'madzi akuya, zingwe zimakhala zopyapyala chifukwa chiopsezo cha kusokonezedwa ndi anthu chimakhala chochepa kwambiri.
Mfundo yogwirira ntchito: kuwala, kusintha kwa mawu ndi mphamvu zambiri
Deta ya digito imasinthidwa kukhala zizindikiro zowunikira kudzera mu chotumizira pogwiritsa ntchito laser. Kenako chizindikirochi chimasinthidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zinazake kuti chinyamule zambiri. Machitidwe amakono amagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo monga:
– Kugawa kwa Mafunde (WDM): kumalola “mitundu” yambiri ya kuwala (mafunde osiyanasiyana) kunyamula deta nthawi imodzi pa ulusi umodzi. Zili ngati kukhala ndi misewu yambiri pamsewu waukulu, zomwe zimawonjezera mphamvu yonse.
- Kusintha kwapamwamba: monga QPSK kapena QAM m'machitidwe ogwirizana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kugunda kulikonse kwa kuwala kukhale ndi zidutswa zambiri.
Kuphatikizana kwa njirazi kumalola chingwe chimodzi cha pansi pamadzi kunyamula mphamvu yoyezeka mu terabits pa sekondi (Tbps), yokwanira kunyamula deta ya intaneti ya dzikolo.
Mavuto akulu: kuchepetsa mphamvu ya ma signal ndi ma amplifier apansi pa madzi
Ngakhale kuti ulusi wa kuwala umagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, ma signali a kuwala amachepabe akatalikirana. Pa maulendo odutsa nyanja, ma amplifiers a ma signali amafunika. Zingwe za pansi pa nyanja zimagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zotchedwa optical repeaters/amplifiers, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimachokera ku EDFAs (Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers).
Ma repeater amaikidwa nthawi ndi nthawi, mwachitsanzo, makilomita 50–100 aliwonse, kutengera kapangidwe ka makinawo. Vuto ndilakuti zipangizozi ziyenera kugwira ntchito mokhazikika kwa zaka zambiri popanda kufunikira kukonza kosavuta, chifukwa zimakhala mkati mwa nyanja. Ma repeater amalandira mphamvu zawo kuchokera pamalo otera pamtunda kudzera m'makina apadera mkati mwa chingwe.
Njira yokhazikitsa chingwe: kufufuza mpaka kubzala
Kuyika chingwe cha sitima yapamadzi si ntchito yophweka. Gawo loyamba nthawi zambiri limafuna kufufuza njira kuti liwone malo omwe ali pansi pa nyanja, kupewa madera omwe anthu ambiri amakumana ndi zivomerezi, mapiri a m'nyanja, kapena madera omwe anthu ambiri amachita zinthu zambiri. Njira yomaliza ikasankhidwa, sitima yapadera imakoka chingwecho kuchokera ku ng'oma yayikulu ndikuchitsitsa mosamala m'nyanja.
M'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi m'madzi osaya kwambiri, zingwe nthawi zambiri zimakwiriridwa pansi pa nyanja pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo monga mapula kuti achepetse chiopsezo chogwira nangula, zombo zosodza, kapena ntchito zomanga m'mphepete mwa nyanja. M'madzi akuya, zingwe zimatha kuyikidwa pamwamba pa nyanja chifukwa cha chitetezo chake.
Chingwecho chikayikidwa, chidzalumikizidwa ku malo ofikira ndege pamtunda. Kuchokera pamenepo, deta imatumizidwa ku maukonde apansi monga ma backbones adziko lonse ndi malo osungira deta.
Kuopsa kwa kuwonongeka ndi kukonza
Ngakhale kuti zingwe za sitima zapamadzi zimapangidwa bwino kwambiri, zingwe za sitima zapamadzi zikadali pachiwopsezo cha zinthu zingapo zoopsa:
1. Zochita za anthu: zombo zonyamula katundu, kusodza ndi kukumba maboti m'madzi ndi zinthu zomwe zimawononga madzi osaya kwambiri.
2. Masoka achilengedwe: zivomezi za pansi pa madzi, kugumuka kwa nthaka pansi pa nyanja, ndi kuphulika kwa mapiri a pansi pa madzi kungaswe zingwe m'nyanja yakuya.
3. Kudzikundikira ndi kukalamba kwa zinthu: ngakhale kuti ndi zazing'ono, zikadali chinthu chomwe chikuchitika kwa zaka zambiri.
Pakachitika chisokonezo, ogwira ntchito adzazindikira komwe kwawonongeka pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyezera kuwala monga OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer). Kukonza kumachitika ndi chombo chapadera chomwe chimanyamula chingwecho pansi pa nyanja, kudula gawo lowonongeka, kuchilumikizanso, kenako nkuchitsitsanso. Njirayi ingatenge nthawi yambiri, makamaka ngati nyengo ili yoipa kapena malo akutali.
Chifukwa chake, maukonde a sitima zapamadzi nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi njira zina zambiri kuti deta isinthidwe pamene njira imodzi yasokonekera.
Udindo wanzeru wa mayiko ozungulira dziko la Archipelago
Kwa dziko lokhala ndi zilumba zambiri monga Indonesia, zingwe za fiber optic zam'madzi si ukadaulo wolumikizirana wokha komanso zomangamanga zanzeru. Zimalumikiza zilumba, zimathandiza kupeza intaneti moyenera, komanso zimalimbitsa ntchito zofunika kwambiri monga maphunziro apaintaneti, mankhwala olankhulana ndi anthu, boma la digito, komanso chuma choyendetsedwa ndi deta.
Kuwonjezera pa kulumikizana kwapakhomo, mawaya apadziko lonse lapansi amawonetsanso ubwino wa kulumikizana kwapadziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikizapo kulumikizana ndi mautumiki amtambo, nsanja zapadziko lonse lapansi, ndi malo osungira deta apadziko lonse lapansi. Kulumikizana kwa sitima yapamadzi kumakhala bwino, kuchedwa kumachepetsa, kumapezeka kokhazikika, komanso njira ya digito ya dzikolo imakhala yopikisana kwambiri.
Tsogolo: mphamvu zambiri komanso maukonde anzeru
Mtsogolomu, kulumikizana kwa fiber optic pansi pamadzi kudzapitirira kukula. Kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu kumachitika kudzera mu kuwonjezera njira za WDM, kukonza bwino magwiridwe antchito a coherent modulation, komanso kukonza ma cable kuti azitha kuyendetsa bwino magetsi komanso kukulitsa ma signal. Chinthu china chomwe chikuchitika ndikutenga nawo mbali kwa makampani apadziko lonse lapansi pakupanga ma cable atsopano kuti athandizire kufunikira kwakukulu kwa deta.
Kumbali ya chitetezo ndi kulimba mtima, mayiko ndi ogwira ntchito adzawonjezeranso kuyang'anira, kuwonjezera njira zosungiramo zinthu zina, ndikulimbitsa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse chifukwa zingwe za sitima zapamadzi nthawi zambiri zimadutsa m'malo osiyanasiyana.
Kutseka
Kulumikizana kwa fiber-optic pansi pa nyanja ndi maziko a intaneti yamakono. Pogwira ntchito mwakachetechete pansi pa nyanja, amatumiza deta mu mawonekedwe a kuwala, kulumikiza anthu, mabizinesi, ndi maboma kudutsa malire mwachangu kwambiri. Ndi mapangidwe olimba a zingwe, zobwerezabwereza zodalirika, ndi maukonde owonjezera, zingwe za pansi pa nyanja zimathandiza kuti dziko lapansi likhale lolumikizana kwambiri. Pamene kufunikira kwa deta kukupitirira kukula, ntchito ya ukadaulo uwu idzakhala yofunika kwambiri—osati kokha pakulankhulana kosavuta, komanso pakukhala olimba mtima pazachuma komanso ufulu wa digito wa mayiko.
