Zotsatira za Kusintha kwa Zamalonda pa Anthu
Kusintha kwa Zamalonda, komwe kunachitika kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 18 mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 19, kunali chimodzi mwa zochitika zofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu. Kuyambira ku England kenako kufalikira padziko lonse lapansi, Kusintha kwa Zamalonda kunasintha kwambiri momwe anthu amakhalira komanso momwe amagwirira ntchito. Ngakhale anthu ambiri akuwonetsa kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo ndi zachuma, zotsatira zake pagulu zinali zazikulu komanso zosiyanasiyana. Nkhaniyi ipereka chithunzithunzi chakuya cha momwe Kusintha kwa Zamalonda kunakhudzira anthu, kuphatikizapo kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka anthu, momwe amagwirira ntchito, kukula kwa mizinda, komanso momwe kumakhudzira mabanja ndi madera.
1. Kusintha kwa Kapangidwe ka Anthu
Kusintha kwa Zamalonda kusanachitike, anthu ambiri aku Europe ndi North America ankadalira ulimi, wokhala ndi machitidwe okhazikika komanso ogwirizana. Moyo wa anthu ammudzi nthawi zambiri unkakhala m'midzi yaying'ono, ndipo ntchito zazikulu zinali ulimi kapena ntchito zamanja. Komabe, Kusintha kwa Zamalonda kunabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu pa njira zopangira ndi kugawa, zomwe pamapeto pake zinasintha machitidwe a anthu.
Popeza makina atsopano ndi njira zopangira zinthu zambiri zinayamba kugwira ntchito, mafakitale monga nsalu, migodi, ndi kupanga zinthu anayamba kukula mofulumira. Izi zinapanga gulu latsopano la ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale osiyana ndi alimi achikhalidwe komanso amisiri ang'onoang'ono. Kutuluka kwa gulu la ogwira ntchito (proletariat) ndi gulu la capitalist (bourgeoisie) kunapanga kusiyana kwakukulu pa chuma ndi mphamvu.
Kusiyana pakati pa olemera ndi osauka kunakula, ndipo eni mafakitale ndi amalonda amapeza phindu lalikulu, pomwe antchito nthawi zambiri ankavutika ndi mavuto kuntchito komanso malipiro ochepa. Kusalingana kumeneku kunayambitsa mayendedwe osiyanasiyana a anthu ndi ndale, monga mayendedwe a antchito ndi zoyesayesa zokonzanso chikhalidwe cha anthu.
2. Mikhalidwe Yogwirira Ntchito Mu Fakitale
Kusintha kwa Zamalonda kunadziwika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ntchito zomwe zinkachitika, koma nthawi zambiri izi zinkabweretsa mavuto aakulu kwa ogwira ntchito. Mikhalidwe yogwirira ntchito m'mafakitale ambiri panthawiyo ingatchulidwe kuti ndi yovuta komanso yopanda chifundo. Ogwira ntchito, kuphatikizapo akazi ndi ana, nthawi zambiri ankagwira ntchito nthawi yayitali yomwe inkatha kufika maola 12 mpaka 16 patsiku. Kuphatikiza apo, malipiro awo anali otsika kwambiri, nthawi zambiri osakwanira kusamalira mabanja awo.
Mavuto ogwirira ntchito ovutawa akuchulukirachulukira chifukwa cha malo ogwirira ntchito oopsa. Mafakitale nthawi zambiri sakhala ndi njira zodzitetezera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ngozi ndi kuvulala kuntchito zikhale zofala. Mafakitale ambiri ali ndi mpweya wochepa, magetsi osakwanira, komanso makina alibe alonda oteteza.
Komabe, izi zinayambitsa mkwiyo kuchokera kwa ogwira ntchito. Zipolowe zingapo ndi ziwonetsero zinayamba kufalikira, zomwe zinakakamiza maboma ndi olemba ntchito kuti akonze mikhalidwe yogwirira ntchito ndikukhazikitsa malamulo oteteza antchito. M'mayiko ambiri, malamulo a ntchito adakhazikitsidwa kuti azikhala ndi maola ochepa ogwira ntchito, analetsa ntchito za ana, ndipo anakhazikitsa miyezo yachitetezo kuntchito.
3. Kusamuka kwa anthu m'mizinda
Kusintha kwa Zamalonda kunabweretsanso kusintha kwakukulu pa chiwerengero cha anthu ndi kapangidwe ka mizinda. Kusamuka kwa anthu m'mizinda, kapena kusamuka kwa anthu kuchokera kumidzi kupita kumizinda, kunakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri panthawiyo. Pamene mafakitale ndi mafakitale atsopano ankakhazikitsidwa, anthu ambiri anasiya miyoyo yawo yakumidzi kukafunafuna ntchito m'mizinda.
Kukula mwachangu kwa mizinda nthawi zambiri sikunali kogwirizana ndi mapulani abwino a mizinda. Mizinda yambiri ikuluikulu panthawiyo, monga London ndi Manchester, inali ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu mwachangu, zomwe zinayambitsa mavuto osiyanasiyana a chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe. Malo okhala anali odzaza kwambiri, anali ndi ukhondo wochepa komanso zinthu zochepa.
Moyo m'mizinda yosauka nthawi zambiri umakhala wovuta. Mabanja ambiri amakhala m'nyumba zodzaza anthu ambiri, zomwe zimakhala ndi madzi oyera komanso chisamaliro chaumoyo chochepa. Izi zimapangitsa kuti matenda opatsirana komanso imfa zichuluke, makamaka pakati pa ana.
Komabe, kukula kwa mizinda kumeneku kumabweretsanso zabwino zingapo. Mizinda imakhala malo opangira zinthu zatsopano ndi chikhalidwe, chifukwa cha kubuka kwa mabungwe osiyanasiyana ophunzirira, nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale, malo ochitira zisudzo, ndi malo ena opezeka anthu onse. Kusinthana kwa malingaliro ndi chidziwitso kumakhalanso kwachangu komanso kogwira mtima, zomwe pamapeto pake zimathandiza pakukula kwa sayansi ndi kupita patsogolo kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu.
4. Zotsatira pa Banja ndi Anthu
Kusintha kwa zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komwe kunabwera chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mafakitale kunakhudzanso kapangidwe ka mabanja ndi momwe zinthu zilili. Kusinthaku kusanachitike, mabanja nthawi zambiri ankagwira ntchito limodzi m'mafamu kapena m'mabizinesi awo aluso. Komabe, ntchito ikayamba kusinthidwa kupita ku mafakitale ndi mafakitale, maudindo ndi maudindo m'banjamo anayamba kusintha.
Achibale ambiri, kuphatikizapo akazi ndi ana, adalowa nawo ntchito zamafakitale. Izi zinasintha maudindo achikhalidwe a m'banja, ndipo akazi ambiri ankagwira ntchito kunja kwa nyumba koyamba. Ngakhale izi zinapereka mwayi wochulukirapo wazachuma kwa mabanja, zinabweretsanso mavuto atsopano, monga kusamalira ndalama zapakhomo ndi kusamalira ana.
Kuphatikiza apo, ndi lalanje, madera ambiri achikhalidwe akugawikana pamene anthu akusamukira ku mizinda ikuluikulu. Chithandizo champhamvu chomwe chinalipo kale pakati pa anansi ndi mabanja okulirapo chimayamba kufooka pamene anthu akusintha kukhala malo okhala anthu okhaokha komanso osadziwika bwino m'mizinda.
5. Zotsatira za Chikhalidwe ndi Luntha
Kusintha kwa Zamalonda kunakhudzanso momwe anthu amaganizira komanso kuyamikira kugwira ntchito molimbika. Makhalidwe abwino monga kuchita bwino, kupanga zinthu zatsopano, ndi kupanga zinthu zatsopano zinakhala zofunika kwambiri m'dera la anthu. Kuphatikiza apo, kubuka kwa gulu la anthu ogwira ntchito ndi mavuto omwe adakumana nawo kunalimbikitsa akatswiri ambiri anzeru, kuyambira Karl Marx ndi Friedrich Engels, omwe adalemba za capitalism ndi kulimbana kwa magulu, mpaka anthu osintha chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe ankafuna kukonza moyo ndi magwiridwe antchito a ogwira ntchito.
Kudziwa kwakukulu kumeneku za kusalingana kwa chikhalidwe ndi zachuma kunathandizanso kupanga magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu ndi ndale omwe akupitilizabe kukhudza dziko lamakono. Magulu a ufulu wa ogwira ntchito, kulimbikitsa ufulu wa amayi, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kusintha kwa chikhalidwe ndi zachuma zinayamba kugwira ntchito panthawiyi komanso pambuyo pake.
Kutseka
Zotsatira za kusintha kwa mafakitale zinali zazikulu kwambiri. Kuyambira kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, nthawi zambiri mikhalidwe yosayenera ya ntchito, kukula kwa mizinda, mpaka kusintha kwa mabanja ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, nthawi imeneyi inabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu komwe kunapanga mbali zambiri za moyo wamakono.
Ngakhale kuti zambiri mwa zotsatirazi zinabweretsa mavuto aakulu, zinabweretsanso zatsopano zambiri komanso kupita patsogolo m'magawo osiyanasiyana. Kusintha kumeneku kunawonetsa mphamvu ya kusintha kwa anthu ndi kuthekera kwake kuyendetsa kusintha kwa ubwino wa onse. Mpaka lero, cholowa cha Kusintha kwa Mafakitale chikupitilizabe kusintha momwe timakhalira, kugwira ntchito, komanso kuyanjana m'gulu lapadziko lonse lapansi lomwe likukulirakulira komanso lolumikizana.
