Ubale Pakati pa Sociology ndi Criminology
Sociology ndi criminology ndi magawo awiri a sayansi omwe amaphunzira za anthu m'miyoyo yawo ya anthu, koma ndi mfundo zosiyana. Sociology imafufuza anthu onse—mapangidwe a anthu, kuyanjana, miyambo, makhalidwe abwino, mabungwe a anthu, komanso kusintha kwa anthu. Pakadali pano, criminology imayang'ana kwambiri za umbanda: chifukwa chake umachitika, ndani amene angauchite, momwe anthu amaonera umbanda, ndi momwe dongosolo la chilungamo cha umbanda limachitira. Zonsezi ndi zogwirizana kwambiri chifukwa umbanda si chinthu cha munthu payekha, koma ndi chinthu cha anthu chomwe chimapangidwa ndikukhudzidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, chikhalidwe, zachuma, ndi ndale.
Sociology ngati maziko omvetsetsa umbanda
Kuchokera pamalingaliro a chikhalidwe cha anthu, upandu ungamveke ngati mtundu wa khalidwe losalungama. Khalidwe losalungama ndi chinthu chomwe chimaphwanya miyambo ndi makhalidwe omwe amapezeka m'gulu kapena m'gulu. Chifukwa miyambo ndi makhalidwe amasiyana malinga ndi nthawi ndi malo, tanthauzo la "upandu" silimakhala lofanana nthawi zonse. Mwachitsanzo, chinthu chomwe chimaonedwa kuti ndi chigawenga nthawi ina chingakhale chovomerezeka nthawi ina, kapena mosemphanitsa. Apa ndi pomwe chikhalidwe cha anthu chimathandizira upandu: chimapereka lingaliro loti malire pakati pa "zabwinobwino" ndi "zosalungama" nthawi zambiri amatsimikiziridwa ndi malamulo a chikhalidwe cha anthu, mphamvu, ndi mabungwe.
Sociology imagogomezeranso kuti anthu samakhala m'malo opanda kanthu. Zosankha za munthu, kuphatikizapo chisankho chochita chinthu chosaloledwa, nthawi zambiri zimakhudzidwa ndi mikhalidwe ya anthu monga umphawi, kusalingana, mikangano ya anthu, maubwenzi, njira zolumikizirana, komanso mwayi wopeza maphunziro ndi ntchito. Chifukwa chake, upandu pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya chikhalidwe cha anthu nthawi zambiri umawona upandu ngati chinthu chochokera ku mgwirizano pakati pa anthu ndi mabungwe a anthu, osati nkhani ya makhalidwe abwino okha.
Criminology imagwiritsa ntchito mfundo za chikhalidwe cha anthu
Upandu wamakono wakula mofulumira, ndipo wabwereka malingaliro ndi malingaliro ambiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu. Zina mwa mfundo zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ndi izi:
1. Kapangidwe ka chikhalidwe ndi magulu
Kugawikana kwa anthu m'magulu kumafotokoza kukhalapo kwa magulu m'gulu la anthu kutengera gulu la anthu pazachuma, udindo wawo pagulu, maphunziro, kapena mphamvu. Kafukufuku wambiri wagwirizanitsa kusalingana pakati pa anthu ndi umphawi ndi chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha milandu ina. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti anthu osauka ndi zigawenga, koma mavuto—monga kusowa ntchito, madera osatetezeka, kapena mwayi wochepa wopeza chithandizo cha anthu onse—akhoza kuwonjezera mwayi wochita upandu.
2. Malamulo, makhalidwe abwino, ndi ulamuliro wa anthu
Sociology imaphunzira momwe madera amasungira bata kudzera mu ulamuliro wa anthu, onse ovomerezeka (alamulo, apolisi, makhothi) komanso osavomerezeka (banja, anansi, atsogoleri ammudzi). Criminology imagwiritsa ntchito lingaliro ili kuti imvetse chifukwa chake madera ena ali ndi ziwawa zochepa chifukwa cha ulamuliro wamphamvu wosavomerezeka, pomwe ena amakumana ndi ulamuliro wofooka chifukwa cha kusweka kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu.
3. Kuyanjana ndi anthu ena komanso magulu a anzawo
Njira yolumikizirana ndi anthu imapanga momwe munthu amaganizira komanso khalidwe lake, kuphatikizapo momwe amaonera chabwino ndi choipa komanso zomwe zili zovomerezeka ndi zomwe sizili zovomerezeka. Criminology imayang'ana kwambiri udindo wa mabanja, sukulu, ndi magulu a anzawo polimbikitsa kapena kupewa umbanda. Mwachitsanzo, kugwirizana ndi magulu omwe amachita zinthu zophwanya malamulo kungapangitse munthu kuchita zinthu zofanana.
Malingaliro amphamvu a chikhalidwe cha anthu mu upandu
Ubale pakati pa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi upandu umamveka bwino tikayang'ana mfundo zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza upandu.
1. Chiphunzitso cha Anomie ndi Strain (Durkheim ndi Merton)
Durkheim adayambitsa lingaliro la anomie ngati mkhalidwe wa "kupanda kwabwino" pamene anthu akusintha mwachangu ndipo malamulo a anthu akusintha. Merton adapanga lingaliro ili kudzera mu chiphunzitso cha kupsinjika: pamene anthu akugogomezera cholinga cha kupambana (monga chuma), koma mwayi wovomerezeka ndi wosagwirizana, anthu ena amagwiritsa ntchito "njira zina," kuphatikizapo upandu. Chiphunzitsochi chikufotokoza chifukwa chake kukakamizidwa ndi anthu komanso kusalingana kwa mwayi kungayambitse upandu.
2. Chiphunzitso cha Kugwirizana Kosiyana (Sutherland)
Chiphunzitsochi chimanena kuti khalidwe laupandu limaphunziridwa kudzera mu kuyanjana ndi ena. Munthu amakhala chigawenga osati chifukwa cha zinthu zamoyo kapena zamaganizo zokha, komanso chifukwa chakuti nthawi zambiri amavomereza matanthauzo omwe amathandizira kuswa lamulo kuposa omwe amakana. Izi zikugwirizana ndi momwe chikhalidwe cha anthu chimaganizira kwambiri njira zophunzirira anthu komanso momwe gulu limakhudzira.
3. Chiphunzitso cha Kulemba Ma Labeling (Becker ndi Lemert)
Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha kulemba zilembo, chochita chimaonedwa kuti n'chosasinthika osati chifukwa cha chochitacho chokha, komanso chifukwa anthu amatcha wochitayo kuti "n'chosasinthika." Chizindikirochi chingakhale ndi zotsatirapo: munthu amene adatchulidwa kale kuti ndi "wachifwamba" angavutike kubwerera ku moyo wabwinobwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti achite zolakwa mobwerezabwereza. Sociology imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu chiphunzitsochi chifukwa cha kuyang'ana kwake pa zochita za anthu komanso kupanga tanthauzo.
4. Chiphunzitso cha Mikangano ya Anthu
Maganizo a mikangano amanena kuti malamulo ndi matanthauzidwe a upandu nthawi zambiri amakhudzidwa ndi magulu amphamvu. Makhalidwe ena angaonedwe ngati opalamula osati chifukwa choti ndi ovulaza, koma chifukwa amaopseza zofuna za magulu ena. Upandu wokhudzidwa ndi chiphunzitso cha mikangano umasonyeza ubale wa mphamvu, tsankho, ndi chisalungamo m'mabungwe oteteza malamulo.
Kusiyana kwa cholinga: chikhalidwe chachikulu poyerekeza ndi milandu yeniyeni
Ngakhale kuti mfundo za chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zaupandu zimayenderana, mfundo za chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zaupandu zimasiyana kwambiri. Mfundo za chikhalidwe cha anthu zimaphunzira mbali zosiyanasiyana za moyo wa anthu, kuyambira m'banja ndi chipembedzo mpaka maphunziro, zachuma, ndale, ndi chikhalidwe. Upandu ndi kupotoka ndi mbali imodzi chabe ya kafukufuku wake. Mfundo za upandu ndi zocheperapo koma mozama kwambiri: cholinga chake ndi kuchita zinthu zaupandu, olakwa, ozunzidwa, ndi njira zothanirana nazo.
Komabe, chifukwa cha cholinga chake chenicheni, nkhani za upandu zimafuna malingaliro a chikhalidwe cha anthu kuti apewe kukodwa mumsampha wofotokozera payekhapayekha. Popanda chikhalidwe cha anthu, upandu ungamveke pang'ono, mwachitsanzo, ngati zotsatira za "khalidwe loipa" kapena "kusowa makhalidwe abwino." Komabe, milandu yambiri ikuwonetsa mgwirizano pakati pa upandu ndi zinthu zachikhalidwe monga kusalingana, kusankhana mitundu m'madera, chikhalidwe cha chiwawa, mabungwe ofooka achikhalidwe, ndi mfundo za boma.
Zopereka zothandiza: mfundo ndi kupewa umbanda
Ubale pakati pa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi upandu umaonekeranso mu ntchito zopewera umbanda komanso kuyankha. Njira zomwe zimagogomezera chilango chokha nthawi zambiri sizikwanira, makamaka pamene zifukwa zake ndi zachikhalidwe. Kusanthula chikhalidwe cha anthu kumathandiza kupanga mfundo zopewera zambiri, mwachitsanzo:
- kuchepetsa kusalingana pakati pa anthu kudzera mu mapulogalamu azachuma ndi chitetezo cha anthu,
- kulimbikitsa maphunziro ndi luso la ntchito kwa magulu omwe ali pachiwopsezo,
- kumanga malo opezeka anthu onse otetezeka komanso okwanira,
- kulimbikitsa madera ndi ulamuliro wosavomerezeka wa anthu,
- kulimbikitsa kukonzanso ndi kubwezeretsa anthu olakwa kuti asabwerezenso mlanduwo.
Sociology imathandizanso pakuphunzira za ubale wa apolisi ndi anthu ammudzi, kudalirana kwa anthu m'mabungwe azamalamulo, komanso momwe anthu omwe kale anali akaidi amasankhira anthu. Pakadali pano, upandu umapereka zambiri komanso kusanthula kwatsatanetsatane pa machitidwe a upandu, njira, madera omwe ali pachiwopsezo, ndi mbiri ya zoopsa, zomwe zimathandiza kuti pakhale mfundo zolunjika kwambiri.
Kutseka
Ubale pakati pa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi upandu ukulimbitsana. Sociology imapereka njira yolumikizirana yomvetsetsa momwe anthu amagwirira ntchito: momwe miyambo imakhazikitsidwira, momwe kusalingana kumachitikira, momwe magulu amakhudzira anthu, komanso momwe mphamvu zimagwirira ntchito. Upandu umayang'ana kwambiri njira imeneyi pa zochitika za upandu: zomwe zimayambitsa, njira zake, zotsatira zake, ndi momwe angathanirane nazo. Upandu ndi nkhani ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, kotero kumvetsetsa kwathunthu kumafuna kuphatikiza zonse ziwiri. Poona upandu ngati zotsatira za kuyanjana pakati pa anthu ndi mabungwe a anthu, titha kupanga njira zomwe sizimangolanga komanso zimaletsa, kukonza, ndikupanga chikhalidwe cholungama komanso chotetezeka.
