Maphunziro Oyambira a Fiziki

Pofuna kufotokoza njira zosasinthika za thermodynamic, asayansi adapanga lamulo lachiwiri la thermodynamics. Lamulo lachiwiri la thermodynamics limafotokoza njira zomwe zingachitike m'chilengedwe chonse ndi njira zomwe sizingachitike. Wasayansi wina dzina lake RJE Clausius (1822-1888) adanena izi:

Mwachibadwa, kutentha kumasuntha kuchokera ku zinthu zotentha kwambiri kupita ku zinthu zotentha kwambiri; mwachibadwa, kutentha sikupitirira kuchokera ku zinthu zotentha kwambiri kupita ku zinthu zotentha kwambiri (Lamulo lachiwiri la thermodynamics—mawu a Clausius).

Mawu a Clausius ndi amodzi mwa mawu apadera a lamulo lachiwiri la thermodynamics. Amatchedwa mawu apadera chifukwa amagwira ntchito pa njira imodzi yokha, yokhudzana ndi kusamutsa kutentha. Popeza mawu awa sakugwirizana ndi njira zina, tikufunika mawu ochulukirapo. Kukula kwa mawu onse a lamulo lachiwiri la thermodynamics kumachokera ku kuphunzira kwa injini zotentha. Chifukwa chake, timakambirana kaye za kutentha kwa injini.

Werengani zambiri

Njira za Thermodynamic: Isothermal Adiabatic Isochoric Isobaric

Pali njira zinayi za thermodynamic, zomwe ndi Isothermal, isochoric, isobaric ndi adiabatic.

Njira Yotenthetsera (kutentha kosalekeza)

Mu njira ya isothermal, kutentha kwa dongosolo kumakhala kofanana. Mwachiphunzitso, dongosolo lowunikidwa ndi mpweya wabwino. Kutentha kwa mpweya wabwino kumagwirizana mwachindunji ndi mphamvu yoyenera ya mpweya wamkati (U = 3/2 n RT). T sikusintha, kotero U sikusinthanso. Chifukwa chake, ngati igwiritsidwa ntchito ku njira ya isothermal, lamulo loyamba la equation ya thermodynamic limakhala:

Werengani zambiri

Njira ya Thermodynamic

Kutentha (Q) ndi mphamvu yomwe imayenda kuchokera ku chinthu chimodzi kupita ku china chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kutentha. Ponena za machitidwe ndi malo, kutentha ndi mphamvu yomwe imayenda kuchokera ku dongosolo kupita ku malo kapena mphamvu yomwe imayenda kuchokera ku malo kupita ku malo, chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kutentha. Ngati kutentha kwa dongosolo kuli kokwera kuposa kutentha kwa malo, kutentha kudzayenda kuchokera ku dongosolo kupita ku malo. Ngati kutentha kwa malo kuli kokwera kuposa kutentha kwa dongosolo, ndiye kuti kutentha kumayenda kuchokera ku malo kupita ku malo.

Kutentha (Q) ndi mphamvu yomwe imayenda chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kutentha, pomwe ntchito (W) imakhudzana ndi kusamutsa mphamvu kudzera mu ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, ngati dongosolo likugwira ntchito pa chilengedwe, ndiye kuti mphamvu imasuntha kuchokera ku dongosolo kupita ku chilengedwe. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ngati chilengedwe chikugwira ntchito pa dongosolo, ndiye kuti mphamvu imasuntha kuchokera ku chilengedwe kupita ku dongosolo.

Werengani zambiri

Kugundana kwa Inelastic

Kusunga lamulo la mphamvu ya kinetic sikugwira ntchito pa ngozi za inelastic. Kusunga lamulo la momentum kumagwira ntchito pa ngozi za inelastic ngati palibe mphamvu yakunja yomwe imagwira ntchito pa zinthu ziwiri zomwe zikugundana. Pa ngozi za inelastic, zinthu ziwiri zimamatirana kapena zimamatirana wina ndi mnzake pambuyo pa ngozi.

Chitsanzo cha funso 1.

Zinthu ziwiri ndi za kulemera komweko, zomwe ndi 1 kg. Chinthu choyamba chimayenda pa ndege yathyathyathya pa liwiro la 10 m/s ndipo chimagundana ndi chinthu chachiwiri chomwe chili pamalo opumulira. Pambuyo pa kugundana, zinthu ziwirizi zimamatirana. Kodi liwiro la zinthu ziwirizi ndi lotani pambuyo pa kugundana?

Werengani zambiri

Kugundana pang'ono

Mu kugundana pang'ono, lamulo losunga mphamvu ya mphamvu limagwira ntchito, pomwe lamulo losunga mphamvu ya kinetic siligwira ntchito. Pa nthawi yomwe kugundana kumachitika, mphamvu ina ya kinetic imasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu ya mawu, mphamvu ya kutentha, ndi mphamvu yamkati. Kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti elastic kumasonyeza kuti pambuyo pa kugundana, zinthu ziwirizi sizimamatirana koma zimadumphadumpha.

Chitsanzo cha kugundana pang'ono ndi kugundana kwa mbali imodzi kwa mabulo awiri kapena mipira iwiri ya dziwe.

Werengani zambiri

Kusunga mphamvu yolunjika

Lamulo losunga mphamvu yolunjika limati ngati palibe mphamvu yakunja yomwe ikugwira ntchito pa zinthu ziwiri zomwe zikugundana, mphamvu ya zinthuzo isanafike kugundana imakhala yofanana ndi mphamvu ya zinthuzo pambuyo pa kugundana.

p ₁ + p ₂ = p ₁ ' + p ₂ ' ………….. Chiyerekezo 1.4

m ₁ v ₁ + m ₂ v ₂ = m ₁ v ₁ ' + m ₂ v ₂ '

Ngati zinthu zonse ziwiri zitagundana,

m ₁ v ₁ + m ₂ v ₂ = (m ₁ + m ₂ ) v'

Werengani zambiri

Kugundana kosalala bwino

Kugundana kwa zinthu ziwiri kumatchedwa kugongana kosalala bwino ngati mphamvu ya mphamvu ya chinthu chilichonse chisanachitike kugundana ili yofanana ndi mphamvu ya mphamvu ya mphamvu ya chinthu chilichonse chitatha kugundana. Mwanjira ina, kusunga lamulo la mphamvu ya mphamvu ya mphamvu yamagetsi ndi kusunga lamulo la mphamvu yamagetsi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kugongana kosalala bwino. Kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti elastic kumasonyeza kuti pambuyo pa kugundana, zinthu ziwirizi sizimamatirana kapena sizimalumikizana koma zimadumphadumpha. Mphamvu ya chinthu chilichonse imasungidwa.

Mphamvu ya chinthu chilichonse imasungidwa.

Werengani zambiri

Mfundo ya mphamvu ya ntchito ndi makina

Chiphunzitso cha mphamvu ya ntchito-kinetic chimanena kuti ntchito ya neti kapena ntchito yochitidwa ndi mphamvu ya neti ndi yofanana ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu ya kinetic.

W _net = TO _t – TO _o = 1⁄2 m(v _t ² – _vo ² )

W _net = Pali mitundu iwiri ya mphamvu, yomwe ndi mphamvu yosunga malamulo, ndi mphamvu yosasunga malamulo. Chifukwa chake, ntchito ya ukonde ingaganizidwe kuti ikuphatikizapo ntchito yochitidwa ndi mphamvu yosunga malamulo ndi ntchito yochitidwa ndi mphamvu yosasunga malamulo.

W _c + W _nc = ΔKE

Werengani zambiri

Ntchito yochitidwa ndi mphamvu zosungira zinthu zatsopano

Yang'anani chinthu chomwe chimakwera molunjika mmwamba kenako n’kubwerera pamalo ake oyamba chikafika kutalika kwakukulu. Chinthucho chikakwera molunjika mmwamba, kulemera kumagwira ntchito yoyipa pa chinthucho. Chinthucho chikakwera mmwamba, kutalika kwa chinthucho kumawonjezeka. Chifukwa chake, mphamvu yokoka ya chinthucho imawonjezekanso. Titha kunena kuti ntchito yoyipa yochitidwa ndi kulemera ndi yofanana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu yokoka ya chinthucho (PE).

Werengani zambiri

Mphamvu ya Conservative ndi mphamvu yosakhala ya Conservative

1. Gulu la Conservative

1.1 Kulemera (w)

Yang'anani chinthu chomwe chimakwera molunjika mpaka kufika pa msinkhu wapamwamba musanasunthe pansi kupita kumalo ake oyamba. Mukasuntha molunjika mmwamba ndi h, kulemera kumakhala kosiyana ndi kusuntha. Chifukwa chake, kulemerako kumagwira ntchito yotsutsa pa chinthucho. 

W = wh (cos 180 ^o ) = – wh = – mgh

Chikafika kutalika kwakukulu, chinthucho chimatsika pansi kupita ku malo ake oyamba ndi h. Chikatsika pansi, kulemera kumakhala kofanana ndi kusamuka. Chifukwa chakuti chili m'njira yomweyo ndi kusamuka, kulemerako kumagwira ntchito bwino.

Werengani zambiri