Malingaliro Okhudza Kukhalapo kwa Antimatter
Antimatter ndi imodzi mwa mfundo zosangalatsa kwambiri mu sayansi ya masiku ano chifukwa imamveka ngati "wiri" wa chinthu chomwe timachidziwa, koma ndi zinthu zosiyana. M'malingaliro otchuka, antimatter nthawi zambiri imawonetsedwa ngati superfuel kapena chinthu choopsa chifukwa imatha "kuphulika" ikakhudzana ndi chinthu. Komabe, kupitirira nkhani yongopeka ya sayansi, antimatter ndi chinthu chenicheni chakuthupi, chomwe chimawonedwa, kupangidwa, ndi kuphunziridwa mu labotale. Funso lalikulu ndilakuti: ngati antimatter iyenera kukhalapo mu kuchuluka kofanana ndi chinthu, nchifukwa chiyani chilengedwe chomwe timachiwona chimapangidwa pafupifupi ndi chinthu chonsecho?
Kumvetsetsa Antimatter ndi Chiyambi cha Lingaliroli
Mu fizikisi ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono , tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayambira pansi nthawi zambiri timakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayambira pansi. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayambira pansi nthawi zambiri timakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayambira pansi. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayambira pansi nthawi zambiri timakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayambira pansi. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayambira pansi nthawi zambiri timakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayambira pansi nthawi imodzi. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayambira pansi nthawi imodzi timakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayambira pansi nthawi imodzi timakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayambira pansi nthawi imodzi timakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayambira pansi nthawi imodzi timakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayambira pansi nthawi imodzi timakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayambira pansi. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayambira pansi nthawi imodzi timakhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayambira pansi pa ...
Lingaliro la antimatter linachokera ku chitukuko cha chiphunzitso cha quantum ndi relativity. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1920, Paul Dirac adapanga Dirac equation kuti afotokoze ma elekitironi molingana ndi relativistic. Equation iyi idapereka yankho la masamu lomwe poyamba linkasokoneza: kuwonjezera pa yankho la mphamvu zabwino, panalinso yankho la mphamvu "loipa". M'malo molinyalanyaza, Dirac adatanthauzira yankholi ngati likusonyeza kukhalapo kwa tinthu tina tofanana ndi elekitironi koma tomwe tili ndi mphamvu yotsutsana. Kulosera kumeneku kunatsimikiziridwa mu 1932 pamene Carl Anderson adapeza positron munjira ya cosmic rays. Kuyambira pamenepo, antimatter yakhala gawo lofunikira la fizikisi ya tinthu.
Mmene Antimatter "Ilipo" M'chilengedwe
Mwachidziwitso, antimatter ikhoza kukhalapo kudzera mu njira zingapo:
1. Kupanga awiriawiri
Mphamvu yokwanira imatha kusintha kukhala tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala totsutsana ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Mwachitsanzo, photon yamphamvu kwambiri imatha kupanga elekitironi ndi positron. Njirayi imafuna zinthu zoopsa kwambiri, monga pafupi ndi ma atomu olemera, pafupi ndi nyenyezi za neutron, kapena kugundana kwa tinthu tamphamvu kwambiri.
2. Ma ray a cosmic ndi zochitika za astrophysical
Antimatter imapangidwanso mwachilengedwe pamene kuwala kwa cosmic kukugundana ndi mlengalenga kapena pakati pa nyenyezi. Chifukwa chake, ma positron ndi ma antiproton amatha kuzindikirika ndi zida zamlengalenga. Komabe, kuchuluka kwawo ndi kochepa kwambiri, kofanana ndi "fumbi" kuposa gawo lalikulu la chilengedwe.
3. Mphamvu zambiri za nyukiliya
Mu zochitika zodabwitsa monga kuphulika kwa supernova, ndege dzenje lakuda, kapena zochitika za gamma-ray burst, mphamvu yaikuluyi ingayambitse tinthu tambirimbiri kuphatikizapo antiparticles.
Ngakhale kuti ilipo m'chilengedwe, chinthu chotchedwa antimatter chimatha "kutha" msanga chikakumana ndi zinthu ndipo chimawonongeka.
Kuwonongedwa: Nkhani Ikukumana ndi Zinthu Zoipa
Tinthu timeneti tikakumana ndi chinthu chotsutsana nacho, timatha kuwonongana, n’kusintha unyinji kukhala mphamvu, nthawi zambiri mu mawonekedwe a gamma photons kapena tinthu tina. Ichi ndichifukwa chake antimatter imawoneka "yosowa" m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku: dziko lathu limayang'aniridwa ndi zinthu, kotero ngati antimatter iliyonse ikawonekera, ingagundane mwachangu ndi zinthu zozungulira.
Kuwonongedwa sikutanthauza "kutha popanda chizindikiro," koma kusintha kwa mphamvu malinga ndi mfundo ya Einstein yosungira mphamvu ndi mphamvu zambiri (E=mc²). Njira imeneyi ndiyo imapangitsa kuti antimatter ikhale yokopa kwambiri mphamvu, koma yovuta kuigwiritsa ntchito chifukwa kupanga ndi kusunga kwake ndi kovuta kwambiri.
Chiphunzitso cha Kusalingana kwa Zinthu–Kusalingana kwa Zinthu (Baryon Asymmetry)
Funso limodzi lalikulu mu sayansi ya zakuthambo ndi lakuti: n’chifukwa chiyani chilengedwe chonse chikulamulidwa ndi zinthu? Ngati Big Bang inapanga zinthu zofanana ndi zinthu zotsutsana ndi zinthu, zikanatha kuwonongana, kusiya chilengedwe chonse chodzaza ndi kuwala kokha. Mfundo yakuti milalang'amba, nyenyezi, mapulaneti, ndi anthu alipo ikusonyeza kuti poyamba panali "kuchuluka" pang'ono kwa zinthu kuposa zinthu zotsutsana ndi zinthu.
Chochitikachi chimatchedwa baryon asymmetry. Pofuna kufotokoza chifukwa chake pali baryon ambiri (monga ma proton ndi ma neutron) kuposa antibaryon, akatswiri a sayansi ya zakuthambo amatchula mikhalidwe yotchedwa Sakharov conditions (1967), yomwe ndi mikhalidwe itatu kuti chilengedwe chipange kusalingana kwa zinthu:
1. Payenera kukhala njira yomwe imaphwanya kusunga chiwerengero cha baryon.
2. Payenera kukhala kuphwanya kwa C (charge) ndi CP (charge-parity) symmetry.
3. Mkhalidwe womwe suli kunja kwa mgwirizano wa kutentha uyenera kuchitika.
Mu Standard Model ya particle physics , kuphwanya kwa CP kulipo (mwachitsanzo, pakuwonongeka kwa ma mesons ena), koma kukula kwake sikukuwoneka kokwanira kufotokoza kulamulira kwa zinthu zomwe timaziona. Izi zimatsegula mwayi wa fizikisi yatsopano kupitirira Standard Model.
Kusinthasintha kwa CPT ndi Zinthu Zachilengedwe za Antimatter
Mu dongosolo la chiphunzitso cha quantum field, pali mfundo yofunikira yotchedwa CPT symmetry, kuphatikiza kwa kusintha kutatu: C (kusintha tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi ma antiparticles), P (kutembenuza malo ngati galasi), ndi T (kutembenuza njira ya nthawi). Kawirikawiri, malingaliro ogwirizana ndi relativity ndi quantum mechanics amaneneratu kuti CPT iyenera kusungidwa.
Chifukwa chake, antimatter iyenera kukhala ndi makhalidwe ofanana kwambiri ndi zinthu, monga kulemera komweko ndi ma atomic energy spectrum omwewo (okhala ndi zizindikiro zosiyana za charge). Kuyesa kolondola, kuphatikizapo kuyeza kwa antihydrogen, kukupitilizabe kuyesa ngati antimatter ndi yofanana ndi zinthu zonse zomwe zanenedweratu. Pakadali pano, palibe kusiyana komwe kwapezeka komwe kumaphwanya CPT, koma mayeso akuchulukirachulukira pakapita nthawi.
Antihydrogen ndi Khama Logwira Antimatter
Chinthu chimodzi chofunikira kwambiri chinali kupanga ndi kutsekereza bwino antihydrogen, atomu yopangidwa ndi antiproton ndi positron. Kuyesera ku CERN, monga ALPHA, kunagwira bwino antihydrogen mu msampha wamaginito kwa nthawi yayitali kuti iyese mawonekedwe ake. Kuyeza sipekitiramu ya antihydrogen poyerekeza ndi ya haidrojeni wamba kumapereka njira yodziwikiratu kwambiri yoyesera ma symmetries oyambira.
Vuto lalikulu pa kafukufuku wa antimatter ndi kusunga. Antimatter sangasungidwe m'zidebe wamba chifukwa ingakhudze makoma, omwe amapangidwa ndi zinthu. Chifukwa chake, ma electromagnetic traps amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa vacuum yambiri komanso kutentha kochepa kwambiri kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono "tituluke" popanda kukhudzana ndi zinthu.
Antimatter ndi Mphamvu Yokoka: Kodi Ndi Zomwezo?
Funso lina losangalatsa: kodi antimatter imayankha bwanji ku mphamvu yokoka? Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha general relativity , mphamvu yokoka imadalira mphamvu ndi kulemera, kotero antimatter iyenera kugwa pansi monga chinthu. Komabe, kuyeza izi mwachindunji n'kovuta kwambiri chifukwa antimatter ndi yovuta kupanga ndi kusunga.
Kuyesa kwamakono kumayesa kuyeza kufulumira kwa kugwa kwa antihydrogen. Ngati zipezeka kuti antimatter imagwa mosiyana, kungakhale kupeza kwakukulu komwe kungasinthe kumvetsetsa kwathu mphamvu yokoka ndi kufanana kwa chilengedwe. Koma ziphunzitso zambiri zazikulu sizimaneneratu kusiyana kwakukulu; zomwe zimafuna ndi kusiyana pang'ono komwe kungawulule sayansi yatsopano.
Chiphunzitso cha Antimatter mu Cosmology: Kodi Pali "Chilengedwe cha Antimatter"?
Lingaliro limodzi lomwe lakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali mu sayansi ya zakuthambo ndi kuthekera kwa madera akuluakulu a chilengedwe chonse omwe akulamulidwa ndi zinthu zotsutsana ndi zinthu, monga milalang'amba ya zinthu zotsutsana ndi zinthu kapena magulu a milalang'amba. Ngati ndi zoona, malire omwe zinthu ndi zinthu zotsutsana ndi zinthu zimakumana angapange kuwala kwa gamma komwe kumayimira kuwonongedwa kwakukulu.
Mpaka pano, kufufuza zakuthambo sikunapeze umboni wamphamvu wa "malo osungira zinthu" omwe ali pafupi kwambiri ndi chilengedwe. Deta ya ma gamma-ray ndi kuyeza kwa ma cosmic ray kumasonyeza kuti chilengedwe chowoneka chikulamulidwa ndi zinthu. Komabe, kufufuzaku kukupitirira, mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito zida zowunikira mumlengalenga zomwe zimafufuza ma antihelium nuclei kapena ma antiparticle ena olemera kwambiri.
Kutseka
Chiphunzitso cha kukhalapo kwa antimatter si kungoganiza chabe, koma ndi gawo lenileni la fizikisi, lotsimikiziridwa kudzera mu zoyeserera. Antimatter ilipo ngati zotsatira zabwino kwambiri za ma equation oyambira a relativistic quantum mechanics, omwe atsimikiziridwa kudzera mu kupezeka kwa positron, kupanga ma antiparticles mu accelerators, ndi kupanga antihydrogen. Komabe, chinsinsi chachikulu chikutsalira: nchifukwa chiyani chilengedwe "chimasankha" chinthu kuposa antimatter?
Kuti ayankhe funsoli, asayansi akuyesa kuphwanya kwa CP, kuyerekeza bwino momwe haidrojeni ndi antihydrogen zimagwirira ntchito, ndikufufuza momwe antimatter imachitira mu mphamvu yokoka. Kuyeza kulikonse kolondola kwambiri kumatha kutsegula chitseko cha kuzindikira kwatsopano kwa chiyambi cha chilengedwe, malamulo ake oyambira, komanso mwina ngakhale fizikisi yoposa Standard Model. Antimatter, pamapeto pake, si yosiyana ndi chinthu chokha, koma galasi lomwe lingawulule ngati kumvetsetsa kwathu chilengedwe kuli kokwanira kapena ngati kuli ndi zinsinsi zazikulu.
