Pepala la Fizikiki pa Malamulo a Newton
Pendauluan
Fizikisi ndi nthambi ya sayansi yachilengedwe yomwe imaphunzira zochitika ndi machitidwe a chilengedwe chonse kudzera mu kuwona, kuyeza, ndi kupanga malamulo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Chimodzi mwa maziko akuluakulu a fizikisi yakale ndi malamulo a Newton oyendera. Malamulo awa adapangidwa ndi Sir Isaac Newton m'zaka za zana la 17 ndipo amagwira ntchito ngati maziko omvetsetsa momwe zinthu zimayendera komanso momwe mphamvu zimakhudzira kusintha kwa kayendedwe kameneko. Ngakhale kuti chitukuko chamakono chayambitsa ubale ndi makina a quantum, Malamulo a Newton ikadali yofunikira kwambiri pofotokoza zochitika zosiyanasiyana za tsiku ndi tsiku, makamaka pa kukula kwa zinthu zomwe zikuyenda pa liwiro laling'ono kwambiri kuposa liwiro la kuwala.
Malamulo a Newton si mndandanda wa njira zokha, koma ndi njira yasayansi yoganizira za ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa mphamvu, kuchuluka, ndi kuthamanga. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo ndi kwakukulu, kuyambira kuwerengera kayendedwe ka magalimoto ndi kapangidwe ka mlatho mpaka kusanthula masewera komanso ngakhale ukadaulo wa ndege ndi mlengalenga. Pepalali lidzakambirana mwadongosolo malamulo atatu a Newton, malingaliro a mphamvu ndi kuchuluka, ndi zitsanzo za momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku.
Mfundo Zoyambira: Mphamvu, Misa, ndi Kuyenda
Musanakambirane za malamulo atatu a Newton, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa mfundo zazikulu zomwe zikukhudzidwa. Mphamvu ndi kukankhira kapena kukoka komwe kungasinthe momwe chinthu chikuyendera. Mphamvu ili ndi kukula ndi malangizo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale kuchuluka kwa vekitala. Chigawo cha SI cha mphamvu ndi Newton (N), chomwe chimatanthauzidwa ngati mphamvu yofunikira kuti ipereke kuthamanga kwa 1 m/s² ku kulemera kwa 1 kg.
Kulemera ndi muyeso wa kusakhala ndi mphamvu kwa chinthu, kutanthauza kuti, chizolowezi chake chosunga kayendedwe kake. Kulemera kwa chinthu chikakhala kwakukulu, kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kuchithamangitsa kapena kuimitsa. Kulemera kumasiyana ndi kulemera. Kulemera ndi mphamvu yokoka yomwe imagwira ntchito pa chinthu, motero imadalira kuthamanga kwa mphamvu yokoka ya komweko.
Kuyenda mu fizikisi nthawi zambiri kumaphunziridwa kudzera mu kuchuluka kwa malo, liwiro, ndi kuthamanga. Kuthamanga kumasonyeza momwe malo amasinthira mofulumira poyerekeza ndi nthawi, pomwe kuthamanga kumasonyeza kusintha kwa liwiro pa nthawi iliyonse. Malamulo a Newton amalumikiza mphamvu ndi kuthamanga, motero amapereka mlatho pakati pa chifukwa (mphamvu) ndi zotsatira (kusintha kwa kuyenda).
Lamulo Loyamba la Newton (Lamulo la Kusakhazikika)
Lamulo Loyamba la Newton limati: "Chinthu chimakhalabe chili chete kapena chimayenda molunjika pa liwiro losasintha ngati mphamvu yonse yomwe ikugwira ntchito pa icho ndi zero." Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngati palibe mphamvu yeniyeni yomwe imakhudza chinthu, chinthucho sichidzasintha liwiro.
Lingaliro lofunika kwambiri mu lamuloli ndi inertia. Inertia ikufotokoza chifukwa chake okwera magalimoto amakankhidwira patsogolo galimoto ikagwa mwadzidzidzi. Pamene galimoto ikuchedwa, thupi la wokwerayo limakonda kupitiriza kuyenda patsogolo chifukwa cha inertia. Ichi ndichifukwa chake malamba achitetezo ndi ofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa amapereka mphamvu yomwe imaletsa thupi kuti lisapitirire kupita patsogolo.
Chitsanzo china ndi chinthu chomwe chili patebulo. Chinthucho chimakhalabe chili pamalo pake chifukwa palibe mphamvu yopingasa yomwe imachipangitsa kuti chisunthe; mphamvu yokoka pansi ndi mphamvu yokwera pamwamba pa tebulo zimayenderana, kotero mphamvu yochokerapo ndi zero. Motero, lamulo loyamba likugogomezera kuti kusintha kwa kayendedwe kumachitika pokhapokha ngati pali mphamvu yochokera ku zero.
Lamulo Lachiwiri la Newton (Ubale Pakati pa Mphamvu, Misa, ndi Kuthamanga)
Lamulo Lachiwiri la Newton ndilo maziko a makina akale ndipo limati: "Kuthamanga kwa chinthu kumafanana ndi mphamvu yomwe imagwira ntchito pa icho ndipo kumasiyana ndi kulemera kwake." Mwa masamu, limapangidwa motere:
ΣF = m · a
Apa, ΣF ndiye mphamvu yochokera (N), m ndiye kulemera (kg), ndipo a ndiye kuthamanga (m/s²). Fomula iyi ikuwonetsa mfundo ziwiri zofunika. Choyamba, mphamvu yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa chinthu chokhala ndi kulemera kosalekeza imakhala yayikulu, kuthamanga komwe kumachitika kumakhala kwakukulu. Chachiwiri, pa mphamvu yomweyo, chinthu chokhala ndi kulemera kwakukulu chidzakumana ndi kuthamanga kochepa.
Mwachitsanzo, kukankha ngolo yogulira yopanda kanthu n'kosavuta kuposa kukankha yodzaza. Ngolo yonse imakhala ndi kulemera kwakukulu, kotero kuthamanga kwake kumakhala kochepa pa mphamvu yomweyo yokankhira. Zitsanzo zamasewera ndizodziwikiratu: mpira wa tenisi ndi wosavuta kuuthamangitsa kuposa mpira wa bowling chifukwa kulemera kwake ndi kochepa kwambiri.
Lamulo Lachiwiri la Newton limathandizanso kusanthula mphamvu zomwe zimagwira ntchito pa chinthu, monga kukangana, kupsinjika kwa chingwe, mphamvu ya masika, ndi mphamvu yokoka. Pothetsa mavuto, chithunzi cha thupi lomasuka nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kujambula mphamvu zonse zomwe zikugwira ntchito kuti mphamvu yotulukayo iwerengedwe bwino.
Lamulo Lachitatu la Newton (Zochita ndi Zomwe Zimachitika)
Lamulo Lachitatu la Newton limati: "Pa chilichonse chomwe chimachitika, pamakhala kuchitapo kanthu kofanana komanso kotsutsana." Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngati chinthu A chikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu pa chinthu B, ndiye kuti chinthu B chikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yofanana pa chinthu A koma mosiyana.
Lamuloli nthawi zambiri silimamvetsetseka bwino chifukwa anthu amaganiza kuti zochita ndi zochita zimasokonezana. Ndipotu, mphamvu ziwirizi zimagwira ntchito pa zinthu ziwiri zosiyana, kotero sizisokonezana pa chinthu chimodzi. Mwachitsanzo, munthu akaima pansi, mapazi ake amapereka mphamvu yotsika pansi (kuchitapo kanthu), ndipo pansi pamapereka mphamvu yokwera mmwamba pamapazi awo (kuchitapo kanthu). Chifukwa mphamvu yochitapo kanthu kuchokera pansi ndi yayikulu mokwanira kuti igwirizane ndi kulemera kwake, munthuyo amatha kuyimirira osagwa.
Chitsanzo china chodziwika bwino ndi kayendedwe ka roketi. Roketi imaponya mpweya kumbuyo pa liwiro lalikulu (action), kenako mpweyawo umakankhira patsogolo roketi (reaction), ndikuyendetsa roketiyo mmwamba. Mfundo yomweyi imagwiranso ntchito pa buluni yosiyidwa yosalumikizidwa: mpweya umatuluka mbali imodzi ndipo buluniyo imakankhidwira mbali ina.
Kukhazikitsa Malamulo Newton mu Moyo wa Tsiku ndi Tsiku
Malamulo a Newton amapezeka mu ntchito zambiri. Pa kayendedwe, kapangidwe ka galimoto kamaganizira mphamvu zosiyanasiyana monga mphamvu ya injini, kukana mpweya, ndi kukangana kwa matayala. Galimoto ikatembenuka, mphamvu yapakati imafunika kuti galimotoyo iyende mozungulira; ngati kukangana sikukwanira, galimotoyo imatha kutsetsereka.
Mu uinjiniya, kumanga nyumba ndi milatho kumafuna kusanthula mphamvu (Lamulo Loyamba la Newton). Kapangidwe kake kayenera kupangidwa kuti mphamvu ndi nthawi zomwe zimachokera pamalo enaake zisagwe. Mu ukadaulo wa zida zolemera, Lamulo Lachiwiri la Newton limagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa mphamvu yomwe imafunika kuti makina anyamule kapena kusuntha katundu winawake.
Mu masewera, othamanga amagwiritsa ntchito lamulo la kuchitapo kanthu. Wothamanga amakankhira kumbuyo pansi, zomwe zimakankhira wothamanga patsogolo. Wosambira amakankhira kumbuyo madzi, zomwe zimakankhira wosambira patsogolo. Mphamvu yoyendetsa ikagwira ntchito bwino, kuthamanga kwake kumawonjezeka.
Zofooka za Malamulo a Newton
Ngakhale kuti malamulo a Newton ndi othandiza kwambiri, ali ndi malire. Ndi olondola kwambiri pazinthu zazikulu zomwe zili ndi liwiro lotsika. Pa liwiro lomwe likuyandikira liwiro la kuwala, Chiphunzitso cha Einstein cha ubale zolondola kwambiri chifukwa kulemera kogwira ntchito ndi nthawi sizilinso zenizeni. Pamlingo wa maatomu ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta subatomic, makina a quantum ndi ofunikira chifukwa khalidwe la tinthu silingathe kufotokozedwa ndi mphamvu zakale ndi njira zokha.
Komabe, pamavuto ambiri a tsiku ndi tsiku komanso ntchito zambiri zauinjiniya, Malamulo a Newton akadali njira yayikulu chifukwa ndi osavuta, othandiza, komanso olondola mokwanira.
Mapeto
Malamulo a Newton ndi maziko ofunikira mu fizikisi yakale yomwe imafotokoza ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa mphamvu ndi kuyenda. Lamulo Loyamba la Newton limati chinthu chidzasunga momwe chikuyendera ngati mphamvu yochokerapo ndi zero. Lamulo Lachiwiri la Newton limafotokoza kuti kufulumira kumakhala kofanana ndi mphamvu yochokerapo ndipo kumasiyana ndi kulemera, kopangidwa ngati ΣF = m·a. Lamulo Lachitatu la Newton likugogomezera mfundo ya kuchitapo kanthu, kuti mphamvu iliyonse nthawi zonse imakhala ndi mnzake wofanana komanso wosiyana.
Mwa kumvetsetsa malamulo atatuwa, titha kusanthula zochitika zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe ndi zaukadaulo, kuyambira kuyenda kosavuta m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku mpaka kupanga makina ndi magalimoto. Ngakhale kuti pali zofooka zake m'mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri, Malamulo a Newton akadali ofunikira ndipo ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zachitika m'mbiri ya sayansi.
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Ngati mukufuna, nditha kuwonjezera buku lofotokozera, mawu oyamba, kapena kupanga mtundu wina wa "sukulu" (wokhala ndi maziko, mawu a vuto, zolinga, zokambirana, ndi mapeto).
