Fiziki ya Tinthu ndi Ubale Wake ndi Cosmology
Fiziki ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi sayansi ya chilengedwe nthawi zambiri zimaonedwa ngati nthambi ziwiri zosiyana za sayansi: imodzi imaphunzira za chilengedwe pamlingo wocheperako, pomwe ina imayang'ana kapangidwe ndi kusintha kwa chilengedwe pamlingo waukulu kwambiri. Komabe, m'machitidwe, magawo awiriwa ndi ogwirizana kwambiri. Kumvetsetsa kwathu chiyambi, zomwe zili, ndi tsogolo la chilengedwe kumalumikizidwa mosalekeza ndi malamulo olamulira tinthu tating'onoting'ono toyambira. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, sayansi ya chilengedwe imapereka "laboti yachilengedwe" yoopsa kwambiri - mphamvu zambiri, kuchulukana kwakukulu, ndi nthawi yayitali kwambiri - yomwe singathe kubwerezedwanso mokwanira Padziko Lapansi. Kugwirizana kumeneku kwapangitsa kuti pakhale gawo la maphunziro osiyanasiyana lomwe nthawi zambiri limatchedwa astroparticle physics kapena particle cosmology.
Kuyambira Wamng'ono Kwambiri Mpaka Wamkulu Kwambiri
Fiziki ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono timaphunzira tinthu tating'onoting'ono toyambira monga quarks, leptons (kuphatikiza ma elekitironi ndi ma neutrinos), ndi mphamvu zoyambira zomwe zimathandizira kuyanjana kwawo. Dongosolo lalikulu lomwe limafotokoza bwino zochitika za subatomic ndi Standard Model, lomwe limaphatikizapo malingaliro a quantum field a kuyanjana kwa electromagnetic, ofooka, ndi amphamvu . Komabe, Standard Model si yokwanira: siifotokoza mokwanira mphamvu yokoka, siifotokoza mokwanira komwe ma neutrino mass adachokera, ndipo siipereka munthu wotsimikiza za zinthu zakuda.
Cosmology, makamaka cosmology yamakono yozikidwa pa kugwirizana kwa zinthu ndi kuwona zakuthambo, imaphunzira kukula kwa chilengedwe chonse, kapangidwe kake kakakulu (galaxies ndi galaxy clusters), cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), ndi mbiri ya kutentha kwa chilengedwe chonse. Tikafufuza mbiri ya chilengedwe chonse m'nthawi yake, timapeza kuti m'nthawi yake yoyambirira, chinalipo pa mphamvu zambiri—kwenikweni malo a particle physics . Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuti timvetse cosmology yoyambirira, timafunikira particle physics; ndipo kuti tiyese particle physics pa mphamvu zazikulu, tikhoza "kuwerenga" zizindikiro zake mu cosmos.
Chilengedwe Choyambirira monga Chofulumira Chachikulu
Masekondi ochepa oyamba pambuyo pa Big Bang akuyimira mikhalidwe yoposa mphamvu za tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe tilipo. Mphamvu, kutentha, ndi kuchulukana kwa zinthu panthawiyo kunalola kuti pakhale njira zomwe pambuyo pake zikanapanga kapangidwe ka chilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, m'chilengedwe choyambirira, tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi tinthu totsutsana ndi zinthu zina tinapangidwa ndikuwonongedwa mu kutentha koyenera. Pamene chilengedwecho chinkakula ndikuzizira, kuyanjana kwina "kunkazizira," kusiya kuchuluka kwa tinthu tina tomwe timadziwika. Lingaliroli limalimbikitsa malingaliro osiyanasiyana okhudza chiyambi cha zinthu zakuda , chifukwa anthu ambiri omwe akufuna zinthu zakuda amaganiza kuti adapangidwa kudzera mu njira zozizira kapena zozizira mu cosmology yoyambirira.
Kuphatikiza apo, chilengedwe choyambirira chimaperekanso nsanja yomvetsetsa kusintha kwa magawo mu fizikisi ya tinthu. Pamene kutentha kumatsika kupitirira malire enaake, ma symmetries oyambira amatha "kusweka." Chochitika chimodzi chofunikira ndikusweka kwa electroweak symmetry yogwirizana ndi njira ya Higgs. Kusinthaku kumatha kupanga zochitika zakuthambo monga mafunde oyambira, kapena kukhudza momwe kusalinganika kwa zinthu ndi zinthu kumapangikira.
Kukwera kwa Mtengo wa Zinthu Padziko Lonse ndi Kusinthasintha kwa Quantum
Limodzi mwa mfundo zofunika kwambiri mu sayansi ya zakuthambo yamakono ndi kukwera kwa mpweya m'chilengedwe: gawo la kukula mofulumira kwambiri m'masekondi oyambirira a chilengedwe. Kukwera kwa mpweya kwaperekedwa kuti kufotokoze chifukwa chake chilengedwe chimawoneka chofanana kwambiri pamlingo waukulu, chifukwa chake mawonekedwe a mlengalenga ndi ofanana, komanso chifukwa chake zolakwika zina za topological, monga maginito monopoles, zomwe ziphunzitso zina zimaneneratu, sizilipo.
Apa ndi pomwe fizikisi ya tinthu imayambira. Mitundu yambiri ya inflationary imadalira kukhalapo kwa munda wa scalar wongoyerekeza (inflaton), womwe mphamvu yake imalamulira chilengedwe chonse ndikuyendetsa kukula kwake. Kusintha kwa quantum m'munda uwu "kumatsegulidwa" kukhala kusokonezeka kwa density komwe kumakhala mbewu zopangira milalang'amba ndi mapangidwe ena a cosmic. Masiku ano timawona zizindikiro za kusinthasintha kumeneku ngati kusintha pang'ono kwa kutentha mu CMB. Mwanjira ina, kuyeza CMB kumapereka njira yosalunjika yophunzirira fizikisi yamphamvu kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a quantum fields m'chilengedwe choyambirira.
Ngakhale kuti njira yopezera mphamvu ya mpweya ikuyenda bwino kwambiri, kudziwika kwa mpweya wa mpweya ndi ubale wake ndi tinthu todziwika bwino kumakhalabe ndi mafunso. Zochitika zina zimagwirizanitsa mpweya wa mpweya ndi zowonjezera za Standard Model, supersymmetry, kapena minda yochokera ku ziphunzitso zofunika kwambiri.
Kusagwirizana kwa Zinthu ndi Zinthu Zotsutsana ndi Zinthu: N’chifukwa Chiyani Tilipo?
Chimodzi mwa zinsinsi zazikulu ndi chifukwa chake chilengedwe chonse chimalamulidwa ndi zinthu, osati kusakaniza bwino kwa zinthu ndi zinthu. Mwachidule, ngati Big Bang idapanga zinthu zofanana ndi zinthu ndi zinthu, zikanatha, kusiya kuwala kokha. Chowonadi chakuti nyenyezi, mapulaneti, ndi anthu akadalipo chimatanthauza kuti njira ina idapanga zinthu zochulukirapo (baryogenesis kapena leptogenesis).
Fiziki ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono imapereka zofunikira pa kusalingana kumeneku, komwe kumadziwika kuti mikhalidwe ya Sakharov: kuphwanya nambala ya baryon, kuphwanya ma symmetries a C ndi CP, ndi mkhalidwe wophulika kwa kutentha. Njira zina zophwanya CP zilipo mu Standard Model, koma sizikuwoneka zokwanira kupanga kusalingana komwe kwawonedwa. Chifukwa chake, cosmology yoyambirira imapereka chizindikiro champhamvu chakuti fizikisi yatsopano ilipo kupitirira Standard Model. Mwachitsanzo, leptogenesis ikupereka lingaliro lakuti kusalingana mu gawo la lepton (logwirizana ndi neutrinos) kungasinthidwe kukhala kusalingana kwa baryon kudzera mu njira zina zamagetsi.
Zinthu Zakuda: Kuchokera ku Tinthu Timeneti Kupita ku Kapangidwe ka Galactic
Kuwona kuzungulira kwa milalang'amba, ma lenzi okoka, ndi kapangidwe ka thambo kukuwonetsa kuti zinthu zambiri m'chilengedwe chonse ndi "mdima," sizimatulutsa kapena kuyamwa kuwala kofunikira. Zinthu zamdima zimapanga pafupifupi kotala la mphamvu zomwe zili mu thambo, kuposa zinthu wamba. Funso lalikulu ndi lakuti: kodi zinthu zamdima n'chiyani?
Malingaliro ambiri amanena kuti zinthu zakuda zimapangidwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tatsopano. Anthu otchuka omwe akufuna kudziwa zinthuzi ndi monga Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), axions, sterile neutrinos, ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta mdima tomwe timalumikizana mofooka kwambiri ndi zinthu wamba. Cosmology imathandiza kuchepetsa makhalidwe a anthuwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana: kuyambira pa mphamvu yawo pa kapangidwe ka kapangidwe kake, mpaka ku CMB, mpaka kuchuluka kwa zinthu zowala zomwe zimapangidwa panthawi ya Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kuyesa kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta physics kumafufuza zinthu zakuda kudzera mu kuzindikira mwachindunji (kugundana ndi atomic nuclei), kuzindikira kosalunjika (kuwola kapena zinthu zowononga), ndi kufufuza ma accelerators monga LHC.
Ubale umenewu umasonyeza mgwirizano wapadera: cosmology imapereka "umboni" wa kukhalapo kwa zinthu zakuda, pomwe particle physics imayesetsa kuzindikira tinthu tomwe timakhala mkati mwake.
Mphamvu Yamdima ndi Malire a Zitsanzo Zamaganizo
Kuwonjezera pa zinthu zakuda, chilengedwe chonse chimalamulidwanso ndi mphamvu yakuda—chinthu chachinsinsi chomwe chimapangitsa chilengedwe kukula mofulumira. Mkati mwa dongosolo la ubale wamba, mphamvu yakuda nthawi zambiri imayesedwa ngati chinthu chokhazikika cha chilengedwe. Komabe, phindu lomwe limawonedwa la chinthu chokhazikika cha chilengedwe chonse ndi laling'ono kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mphamvu ya vacuum yomwe inanenedweratu ndi chiphunzitso cha quantum field , zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale vuto lodziwika bwino la cosmological constant.
Nkhaniyi ili pakati pa particle physics ndi cosmology: vacuum energy ndi lingaliro la quantum, pomwe zotsatira zake zimawonekera mu cosmic dynamics. Mayankho omwe angakhalepo ndi monga kusintha kwa mphamvu yokoka, minda yosinthasintha monga quintessence, kapena malingaliro ena ochokera ku chiphunzitso choyambira. Mpaka pano, dark energy ikadali chinsinsi chachikulu ndipo zingasonyeze kuti kumvetsetsa kwathu malo, nthawi, ndi quantum vacuum sikunamalizidwe.
Cosmic Neutrinos: Tinthu Topepuka Tomwe Timagwira Ntchito Kwambiri
Ma Neutrino, omwe ndi tinthu topepuka kwambiri komanso tomwe sitigwirizana kawirikawiri, amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu cosmology. Amakhudza kuchuluka kwa kukula kwa chilengedwe choyambirira ndipo amakhudza kapangidwe kake kudzera mu "kutuluka kwawo kwaulere" - amayenda mwachangu ndikusalala magulu a zinthu pa sikelo inayake. Chifukwa chake, kuwona kwa kafukufuku wa CMB ndi galaxy kungapereke zoletsa pa kuchuluka konse kwa neutrino. Izi zimakwaniritsa zoyeserera za labotale zomwe zimayesa kuchuluka kwa neutrino kudzera mu kuwonongeka kwa beta kapena kugwedezeka kwa neutrino.
Motero, ma neutrino amapereka chitsanzo chomveka bwino cha momwe tinthu tomwe timavuta kupeza mu labotale timasiya zizindikiro zomwe zingayang'aniridwe pamlingo wa cosmic.
Mapeto: Mawindo Awiri, Chowonadi Chimodzi
Fiziki ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi sayansi ya zakuthambo kwenikweni zimaphunzira zenizeni zomwezo kuchokera m'njira ziwiri zosiyana. Fiziki ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono imavumbula "malamulo ofunikira kwambiri a masewerawa," pomwe sayansi ya zakuthambo ikuwonetsa momwe malamulo amenewo amapangira mbiri ya chilengedwe chonse. Tikaphatikiza ziwirizi, timapeza kumvetsetsa kokwanira: chilengedwe choyambirira ngati kuyesa kwamphamvu kwambiri, chinthu chamdima ngati vuto latsopano la tinthu tating'onoting'ono, kutsika kwa mpweya ngati chochitika cha quantum field, ndi mphamvu yamdima ngati chotsutsa malingaliro a vacuum ndi mphamvu yokoka.
Mtsogolomu, kupita patsogolo kwa ma telescope, zozindikira mafunde okoka, kafukufuku wa milalang'amba yayikulu, ndi zoyeserera za tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala ...
