Njira Zoyambira Zoyezera Fiziki: Maziko Aakulu mu Kuyesera
Pegantar
Kuyeza ndi gawo lofunikira la fizikisi, zomwe zimatithandiza kupeza deta yokhudza dziko lotizungulira. Njira zoyambira zoyezera fizikisi zimaphatikizapo zida ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zakuthupi, monga kutalika, kulemera, nthawi, kutentha, ndi zina zotero. Nkhaniyi ikambirana njira zina zoyambira zoyezera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri mu kuyesa kwa fizikisi, komanso mfundo zomwe zikugwirizana nazo.
1. Kuyeza Kutalika
Kuyeza kutalika kapena mtunda ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri mu fizikisi. Zida zoyezera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo ma rula, ma vernier calipers, ndi ma micrometer screw gauges.
wolamulira
Rula ndi chida chosavuta komanso chosavuta kwambiri choyezera kutalika. Rula nthawi zambiri limapangidwa ndi matabwa, pulasitiki, kapena chitsulo, limakhala ndi sikelo yolembedwa mu mamita, masentimita, ndi mamilimita. Kusatsimikizika kwa muyeso ndi rula nthawi zambiri kumakhala pafupifupi ± 0.5 mm.
Ma caliper a Vernier
Caliper ndi chida choyezera cholondola kwambiri kuposa rula. Chimatha kuyeza kutalika kolondola mpaka 0.1 mm. Chida ichi chili ndi nsagwada ziwiri, chimodzi chokhazikika ndi china chosunthika, ndi sikelo ya vernier kuti muwerenge zambiri.
Choyezera cha Micrometer
Choyezera cha micrometer screw gauge ndi chida choyezera chomwe chili ndi kulondola kwakukulu, nthawi zambiri pafupifupi ± 0.01 mm. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyezera zinthu zazing'ono kapena zoonda. Choyezera cha micrometer screw gauge chimakhala ndi shaft yokhazikika ndi shaft yosunthika, iliyonse yokhala ndi sikelo yozungulira kuti iyesedwe molondola.
2. Kuyeza Misa
Unyinji ndi kuchuluka komwe kumasonyeza kuchuluka kwa chinthu chomwe chili mu chinthu. Mu fizikisi, unyinji umayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito balance kapena sikelo.
Masikelo a Analog
Sikelo ya analogi ndi chida choyezera unyinji chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito kasupe poyesa kulemera kwa chinthu. Mphamvu yokoka yomwe imagwira ntchito pa unyinji wa chinthucho imapangitsa kuti kasupeyo atakuluke, ndipo sikeloyo imawonetsa unyinji wa chinthucho. Kusatsimikizika kwa muyeso pogwiritsa ntchito sikelo ya analogi kumatha kusiyana kutengera momwe kasupeyo alili komanso momwe chipangizocho chimayezera.
Masikelo a digito
Masikelo a digito amapereka miyeso yolondola kwambiri kuposa masikelo a analogi. Zipangizozi zimagwiritsa ntchito masensa amagetsi poyesa kulemera ndikuwonetsa zotsatira zake pa digito. Kulondola kwa masikelo a digito kumatha kufika magalamu kapena mamiligalamu, kutengera mtundu ndi mtundu wa chipangizocho.
3. Kuyeza Nthawi
Nthawi ndi imodzi mwa ziwerengero zoyambira mu fizikisi, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayesedwa ndi wotchi yoyimitsa, wotchi, kapena chipangizo choyezera nthawi chamagetsi.
Sitimachi
Wotchi yoyimitsa nthawi ndi chida choyezera nthawi chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu zoyeserera za fiziki. Wotchi yoyimitsa nthawi ikhoza kukhala ya analogi kapena ya digito, ndipo ya digito nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi kulondola kwa masekondi 0.01. Nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zoyeserera zomwe zimafuna kuyeza nthawi yochepa.
Wotchi ya Atomiki
Mawotchi a atomu amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeza nthawi molondola kwambiri. Mawotchi a atomu amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya maatomu (nthawi zambiri cesium kapena rubidium) kuti asunge nthawi. Mawotchi a atomu amatha kukhala olondola mkati mwa sekondi imodzi pa zaka miliyoni, zomwe zimathandiza kuti nthawi iziyezedwe molondola kwambiri mu kafukufuku wa sayansi.
4. Kuyeza Kutentha
Kutentha ndi kuchuluka komwe kumasonyeza mphamvu yapakati ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono mu chinthu. Kumayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito thermometer kapena chipangizo china choyenera kutentha ndi mtundu womwe ukuyesedwa.
Chiwotche cha Mercury ndi Mowa
Ma thermometer achikhalidwe amagwiritsa ntchito mercury kapena mowa ngati madzi osonyeza. Pamene kutentha kukukwera, madzi awa amakula ndikukwera mu chubu cha capillary, kufika pa sikelo inayake yomwe imasonyeza kutentha. Kulondola kwa ma thermometer awa nthawi zambiri kumadalira kuchuluka kwawo koma nthawi zambiri kumakhala mu manambala a decimal.
Thermometer ya digito
Ma thermometer a digito amagwiritsa ntchito masensa amagetsi poyesa kutentha ndikuwonetsa zotsatira zake pa digito. Masensa odziwika bwino ndi ma thermocouples kapena ma RTD (Resistance Temperature Detectors). Ma thermometer a digito nthawi zambiri amakhala osavuta kuwerenga ndipo amatha kupereka miyeso yolondola kwambiri, yolondola mpaka kufika pa decimal point yapafupi.
5. Kuyeza Mphamvu yamagetsi ndi Voltage
Kuyeza mphamvu yamagetsi ndi magetsi ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakuphunzira zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi. Zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi monga ammeters, voltmeters, ndi multimeters.
ammeter
Ammeter ndi chipangizo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa mphamvu yamagetsi mu dera. Chimalumikizidwa motsatizana ndi dera kuti chiyese mphamvu yamagetsi. Kulondola kwa ammeter kumadalira mtundu ndi khalidwe la chipangizocho, koma nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa mphamvu yamagetsi ndi kulondola kwa ma milliamperes.
Voltmeter
Voltmeter imayesa voltage pakati pa mfundo ziwiri mu circuit. Imalumikizidwa limodzi ndi gawo lomwe magetsi ake a terminal ayenera kuyezedwa. Voltmeter zamakono za digito zimatha kupereka mawerengedwe olondola m'malo angapo a decimal pa volt.
multimeter
Multimeter ndi chida choyezera chomwe chingathe kuyeza mphamvu yamagetsi, magetsi, ndi kukana. Multimeters zimapezeka m'mitundu yonse ya analogi ndi digito, ndipo za digito nthawi zambiri zimakhala zolondola kwambiri komanso zosavuta kuwerenga.
6. Mfundo Zoyambira Zoyezera
Mu kuyeza thupi, pali mfundo zingapo zofunika kuzitsatira:
Kalibrasi
Kulinganiza ndi njira yoyerekeza chida choyezera ndi muyezo wodziwika bwino kuti zitsimikizire kuti ndi cholondola. Zida zoyezera zosalinganizidwa zimatha kupanga deta yolakwika kapena yolakwika, zomwe zingakhudze zotsatira za mayeso.
Kusatsimikizika kwa Muyeso
Muyeso uliwonse uli ndi kusatsimikizika komwe kuyenera kuvomerezedwa. Kusatsimikizika kumeneku kungayambitsidwe ndi chida choyezera, njira yoyezera, kapena zinthu zina zakunja. Kunena kusatsimikizika kwa muyeso ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pa malipoti asayansi.
Miyeso Yobwerezabwereza
Kuyeza mobwerezabwereza kumathandiza kuchepetsa zolakwika mwachisawawa ndipo kumapereka deta yodalirika kwambiri. Avereji ya kuyeza zingapo nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti mupeze mtengo woyimira bwino.
Zolakwika Zadongosolo ndi Zosayembekezereka
Zolakwika zadongosolo ndi zolakwika zomwe zimasinthasintha nthawi zonse mbali ina, zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi zinthu zokhazikika, monga zida zoyezera zosalinganizidwa. Zolakwika zosasinthika ndi zolakwika zomwe zimasiyana mwachisawawa, zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi zinthu zosayembekezereka kapena zosalamulirika.
Mapeto
Kuyeza ndiye maziko a zoyeserera zonse mu fizikisi. Kudziwa bwino njira zoyambira zoyezera thupi ndikumvetsetsa mfundo zoyambira ndiye gawo loyamba lopita ku kafukufuku wasayansi wolondola komanso wodalirika. Ndi zida zoyezera zoyenera, njira zoyenera, komanso kumvetsetsa bwino kusatsimikizika kwa kuyeza, asayansi amatha kupeza deta yolondola ndikupeza mfundo zodalirika kuchokera ku zoyeserera zawo.
