Maganizo a Akatswiri pa Zachuma cha Chitukuko
Chitukuko cha zachuma ndi nthambi ya zachuma yomwe imaphunzira momwe mayiko omwe ali ndi ndalama zochepa komanso zapakati angathandizire anthu awo kukhala ndi moyo wabwino kudzera mukukula kwachuma, kuchepetsa umphawi, kupanga ntchito, komanso kusintha kapangidwe kake. M'mbiri yonse ya malingaliro a zachuma cha chitukuko, masukulu angapo akuluakulu a maganizo asintha momwe akatswiri ndi opanga mfundo amapangira njira zopititsira patsogolo chitukuko. Lingaliro limodzi lomwe lakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu, makamaka pakati pa zaka za m'ma 20 ndipo likadali lofunikabe masiku ano, ndi lingaliro la structuralist.
Maganizo a akatswiri a zomangamanga amaona vuto lalikulu m'maiko osatukuka osati kusowa ndalama kapena ndalama zochepa zosungidwa, koma kukhalapo kwa mabungwe azachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu osalingana, okhwima, komanso ofooka mkati mwa chuma cha padziko lonse. Mwanjira ina, kusatukuka kumamveka ngati zotsatira za machitidwe opanga, kugawa, ndi ubale wamalonda womwe umapanga machitidwe azachuma. Pofuna kuthana ndi kusatukuka, akatswiri a zomangamanga amagogomezera kufunikira kwa kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka zinthu, osati mfundo zachuma za nthawi yochepa zokha.
Mizu Yakale ndi Anthu Ofunika Kwambiri
Maganizo a kapangidwe ka zinthu adawonekera kwambiri pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, pomwe mayiko ambiri ku Asia, Africa, ndi Latin America adakhala odziyimira pawokha ndipo adakumana ndi mavuto azachitukuko. Ku Latin America, malingaliro awa adagwirizana kwambiri ndi malingaliro a Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC/CEPAL) motsogozedwa ndi Raúl Prebisch. Prebisch, pamodzi ndi akatswiri ena azachuma a kapangidwe ka zinthu, adawonetsa kusalingana komwe kulipo mu dongosolo la malonda apadziko lonse lapansi, komwe kumaonedwa ngati kovulaza mayiko omwe amatumiza kunja zinthu zofunika kwambiri.
Anthu ena omwe nthawi zambiri amagwirizanitsidwa ndi njira ya structuralist (m'mabaibulo ake akale komanso ochokera kuzinthu zina) ndi Celso Furtado, Hans Singer (kudzera mu Prebisch-Singer thesis), komanso m'kupita kwa nthawi, oganiza omwe adatsogolera ku njira yatsopano ya structuralist ndi chiphunzitso cha kudalira . Ngakhale chiphunzitso cha kudalira chili ndi kutsindika kwakukulu pandale komanso kwakukulu, chimayamba ndi nkhawa yofanana: kapangidwe ka chuma cha padziko lonse lapansi kamapanga ubale wapakati ndi periphery womwe umasunga kusapita patsogolo.
Malingaliro Ofunika: Pakati-M'mphepete ndi Kuwonongeka kwa Malamulo a Malonda
Lingaliro la pakati ndi mphepete limafotokoza dziko lapansi ngati dongosolo la zachuma logawanika pakati pa mayiko otukuka (pakati) ndi mayiko osatukuka omwe amadalira kutumiza katundu kunja (m'mphepete). Malo ogwirira ntchito amapanga zinthu zopangidwa ndi mtengo wapatali, pomwe mphepete amapereka zinthu zopangira ndi zinthu zazikulu.
Mu dongosololi, akatswiri a zomangamanga akugogomezera mfundo ya Prebisch-Singer yokhudza kuwonongeka kwa malamulo a malonda. Mfundoyi ikunena kuti m'kupita kwa nthawi , mitengo ya zinthu zoyamba imakwera pang'onopang'ono kuposa mitengo ya zinthu zopangidwa. Chifukwa chake, mayiko akunja ayenera kutumiza zinthu zambiri kunja kuti atumize zinthu zofanana. Izi zimalepheretsa mayiko osauka kuti apeze ndalama zakunja, makina olowera kunja, komanso kupanga mafakitale.
Akatswiri a zomangamanga amanenanso kuti misika yapadziko lonse siigwira ntchito nthawi zonse "mosalowerera ndale." Mayiko apakati ali ndi mphamvu zamsika, ukadaulo, ndi mabungwe omwe amawapangitsa kukhala okhoza kusunga zabwino zawo. Pakadali pano, mayiko omwe akutukuka nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi kusasinthasintha kwa mitengo ya zinthu, kudalira zinthu zingapo zotumizira kunja, komanso mphamvu yofooka yokambirana m'magulu amtengo wapatali padziko lonse lapansi.
Kusagwirizana kwa Kapangidwe ndi Kusalingana kwa Mkati
Kuwonjezera pa kutsindika za kapangidwe ka dziko lonse, lingaliro la kakonzedwe ka zinthu limatsindikanso za uwiri wa m'nyumba. Mayiko ambiri omwe akutukuka ali ndi magawo amakono opindulitsa (makampani akumatauni, mautumiki ovomerezeka) pamodzi ndi magawo achikhalidwe osapanga zinthu zambiri (ulimi wodzisamalira, gawo losapanga zinthu). Uwiriwu umalepheretsa kukula kwa anthu ambiri ogwira ntchito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu asamapeze ntchito komanso umphawi ukhalepo nthawi zonse.
Kusalingana kumeneku kulinso m'madera: madera akumatauni amakula mofulumira kuposa madera akumidzi. Ngati mfundo zachitukuko zimangolimbikitsa kukula kwa gawo lamakono popanda njira zofananira mwayi, zotsatira zake zitha kukhala "kukula popanda chitukuko": GDP imawonjezeka, koma kusalingana kumakula ndipo kuchepetsa umphawi kumachepa kwambiri.
Akatswiri a zomangamanga amakhulupirira kuti misika yantchito, umwini wa malo, mwayi wopeza maphunziro, ndi kapangidwe ka zinthu zitha kulepheretsa anthu kuyenda bwino. Chifukwa chake, kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka zinthu sikungokhudza kusintha kwa magawo azachuma , komanso kumakhudza kusintha mabungwe azachuma.
Ndondomeko Yosinthira Mafakitale ndi Kutumiza Zinthu Kunja (ISI)
Limodzi mwa malangizo odziwika bwino a mfundo za sukulu yakale ya structuralist ndi kupanga mafakitale kudzera mu kusintha kwa zinthu zochokera kunja (ISI). Kwenikweni, mayiko omwe akutukuka akuyenera kuchepetsa kudalira kwawo zinthu zopangidwa kuchokera kunja mwa kumanga mafakitale am'nyumba omwe angathe kupanga zinthu zimenezo.
ISI nthawi zambiri imapezeka kudzera mu chitetezo cha misonkho, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimalowa m'dziko, ndalama zothandizira, komanso kutenga nawo mbali kwa boma mu ndalama zamafakitale. Cholinga chake si kungolimbana ndi malonda, koma kupanga maziko a mafakitale omwe amalola kuti pakhale zokolola zambiri, kusamutsa ukadaulo, komanso kupanga ntchito mwalamulo.
Kwa anthu okonda zomangamanga, kutukuka kwa mafakitale kumaonedwa ngati njira yopititsira patsogolo kusintha kwa kapangidwe kake: kusuntha kwa antchito kuchoka ku magawo osapanga bwino kupita ku magawo opanga bwino. Pamapeto pake, izi zikuyembekezeka kulimbitsa luso la mayiko osatukuka kutumiza katundu wopangidwa kunja ndikukweza malo awo mu malonda apadziko lonse lapansi.
Udindo wa Boma: Boma monga Wothandizira Kusintha
Mosiyana ndi njira yoletsa zinthu, yomwe imalimbikitsa kuti boma lisalowererepo, akatswiri a zomangamanga amaona boma ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa chitukuko. Izi zimachokera ku lingaliro lakuti misika m'maiko osatukuka nthawi zambiri imalephera (kulephera kwa msika), mwachitsanzo chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chidziwitso, zakunja kwa ukadaulo, zomangamanga zochepa, komanso mwayi wochepa wopeza ndalama.
Boma likuyenera:
1. Kupanga mfundo za mafakitale: kusankha magawo ofunikira, kulimbikitsa kuphunzira zaukadaulo, ndikumanga mphamvu zopangira zinthu.
2. Kumanga zomangamanga: misewu, magetsi, madoko, ndi kulumikizana komwe kumachepetsa ndalama zoyendetsera zinthu.
3. Kusintha kwa ulimi ndi mfundo zakumidzi: kuonjezera zokolola zaulimi, kulimbitsa chitetezo cha chakudya, komanso kuchepetsa kusalingana kwa umwini.
4. Pangani mabungwe azachuma opititsa patsogolo chitukuko: mabanki opititsa patsogolo chitukuko ndi njira zobwereketsa zomwe zimathandiza ndalama zokhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali.
5. Kusamalira kukhazikika kwa macro: kuchepetsa zotsatira za kusakhazikika kwakunja, kuphatikizapo kusinthasintha kwa mitengo yazinthu ndi kutuluka kwa ndalama.
Kuchokera pamalingaliro a anthu okonda kapangidwe ka zinthu, kupambana kwa chitukuko kumadaliranso mphamvu za mabungwe ndi ubwino wa mabungwe . Kulowererapo kwa boma kumaonedwa kuti n'kofunikira, koma kuyenera kutsagana ndi ulamuliro wabwino kuti tipewe kusagwira ntchito bwino kapena ziphuphu.
Kutsutsa kwa Kapangidwe ka Zinthu
Ngakhale kuti ili ndi mphamvu yaikulu, maganizo a anthu okonda kupanga zinthu zakale sali opanda otsutsa. Ndondomeko za ISI m'maiko ena zapangitsa kuti mafakitale asapikisane kwambiri chifukwa cha chitetezo cha nthawi yayitali. Kuteteza anthu mwamphamvu nthawi zina kumalimbikitsa "kufunafuna lendi," khalidwe lomwe limafuna phindu kudzera mu ubale wapamtima ndi boma, m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito luso latsopano komanso kupanga bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, ndalama zambiri zogulira mafakitale popanda maziko olimba otumizira kunja zingayambitse kusowa kwa malipiro ndi mavuto a ngongole.
Otsutsa ena amanena kuti nthawi zina kusinthasintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka zinthu sikulola kuti mabizinesi azigwira ntchito, zolimbikitsa msika, komanso kufunika kwa kutseguka kwa malonda. Zomwe zachitika ku "maiko atsopano otukuka" ku East Asia—monga South Korea ndi Taiwan—nthawi zambiri zimatchulidwa ngati zitsanzo za kutukuka kwa mafakitale kopambana osati chifukwa cha chitetezo chokha, koma chifukwa cha kuphatikiza mfundo zamakampani zodziwika bwino, njira yotumizira kunja, komanso kuwunika bwino momwe makampani amagwirira ntchito omwe amalandira chithandizo.
Kapangidwe Katsopano ndi Kufunika Kwamakono
Mu zochitika zaposachedwapa, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa "structuralism yatsopano," kapena njira yophatikiza malingaliro a structuralism ndi zenizeni za kufalikira kwa dziko lonse lapansi, zawonekera. Cholinga chasintha kuchoka pakusintha kwa zinthu zochokera kunja kupita ku kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka zinthu kutengera mpikisano, kuphunzira ukadaulo, ndi kuphatikiza kosankha mu unyolo wamtengo wapatali wapadziko lonse lapansi.
Nkhani zamakono zikuwonetsa kufunika kwa kapangidwe ka zinthu m'njira yatsopano. Kudalira zinthu kukadali vuto kwa mayiko ambiri, makamaka pamene mitengo yapadziko lonse ikutsika. Kuphatikiza apo, mavuto a mafakitale tsopano akuphatikizapo automation, chuma cha digito, ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu zobiriwira. Mayiko omwe akutukuka akukumana ndi chiopsezo cha "kutha kwa mafakitale msanga," komwe njirayi imachitika makampani opanga asanakule. Izi zikubweretsa funso lalikulu: kodi njira yosinthira kapangidwe ka zinthu ingagwiritsidwe ntchito bwanji munthawi yomwe kupanga sikulembanso antchito ambiri monga kale?
Maganizo a anthu okonza zinthu amapereka yankho lakuti chitukuko chikufunikabe kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka zinthu, kuphatikizapo kuwonjezereka kwa zovuta zachuma, kusiyanasiyana kwa zinthu zotumizidwa kunja, komanso kukulitsa luso laukadaulo. Mayiko ayenera kupanga mfundo zomwe zimalimbikitsa magawo opanga zinthu zambiri, kaya m'makampani opanga zinthu zamakono, mafakitale a zaulimi, kapena ntchito zokhudzana ndi ukadaulo, pamene akusamalabe za chilungamo.
Kutseka
Lingaliro la kapangidwe ka chuma mu chitukuko limaphunzitsa kuti kusatukuka kwa chuma sikungamveke ngati kusowa ndalama kapena nkhani ya mfundo zazikulu. Kusatukuka kwa chuma kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi makonzedwe achuma am'nyumba awiri, mabungwe osaphatikizapo anthu onse, komanso malo osalinganika a mayiko omwe akutukuka m'dongosolo lazachuma lapadziko lonse . Chifukwa chake, njira zopititsira patsogolo chitukuko malinga ndi akatswiri a kapangidwe ka chuma zimafuna kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka chuma kudzera mu mafakitale, kusiyanasiyana kwachuma, komanso gawo logwira ntchito la boma pothetsa kulephera kwa msika ndikumanga mphamvu zopanga zinthu.
Ngakhale mfundo zina zakale za kachitidwe ka zinthu zatsutsidwa, lingaliro lalikulu likadali lofunikabe: chitukuko ndi njira yosinthira kwakukulu m'mapangidwe opanga ndi kugawa zomwe zimatsimikiza omwe amapindula ndi kukula. Pakati pa zovuta zapadziko lonse lapansi masiku ano—kusakhazikika kwachuma, kusalingana, ndi kusintha kwaukadaulo—malingaliro a kachitidwe ka zinthu akadali ofunikira ngati njira yomvetsetsa chifukwa chake mayiko ena akuvutika "kukwera" ndi zomwe ziyenera kuchitidwa kuti atsimikizire kuti chitukuko chikuphatikiza onse komanso chokhazikika.
