Chiphunzitso cha Kugwirizana kwa Zachuma Pakati pa Mayiko
Kusiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa chuma pakati pa mayiko ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa zachuma cha chitukuko. Mayiko ena amapeza ndalama zambiri pa munthu aliyense, maphunziro abwino, zomangamanga zapamwamba, komanso kupanga zinthu zambiri, pomwe ena akutsalira mu umphawi, kudalira zinthu zofunika kwambiri, komanso mphamvu zochepa za mabungwe. Pachifukwa ichi, chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano wa zachuma chikuyesera kuyankha funso lofunika kwambiri: kodi mayiko osauka adzayamba "kukwaniritsa" mayiko olemera pakapita nthawi, kapena kodi kusiyana kwa ndalama zomwe amapeza kudzapitirirabe komanso kudzakula?
Kawirikawiri, kugwirizana kumatanthauza chizolowezi cha chuma—nthawi zambiri ndalama zomwe munthu amapeza kapena zokolola—m'maiko osiyanasiyana kukhala pafupi. Ngati kugwirizana kukuchitika, mayiko osauka adzakula mofulumira kuposa mayiko olemera, zomwe zimachepetsa kusiyana. Komabe, ngati kugwirizana sikuchitika, mayiko otukuka akhoza kukhalabe ndi mwayi chifukwa cha ubwino wawo wosayerekezeka waukadaulo, mabungwe, komanso anthu.
Kugwirizana mu Chikhazikitso cha Chiphunzitso cha Kukula kwa Neoclassical
Makambirano okhudza kugwirizana nthawi zambiri amanena za zitsanzo za kukula kwa zinthu zakale, makamaka chitsanzo cha Solow-Swan. Mu chitsanzo ichi, zokolola za dziko zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kuphatikiza ndalama zakuthupi, ntchito, ndi ukadaulo. Chimodzi mwazofunikira za chitsanzo cha Solow ndi kukhalapo kwa kuchepa kwa phindu ku ndalama: pamene ndalama zomwe zili mu sheya pa wantchito aliyense zili zochepa, ndalama zowonjezera zimapangitsa kuti phindu likhale lalikulu; mosiyana, pamene ndalama zili zambiri, ubwino wa ndalama zowonjezera umachepa.
Mfundo imeneyi ikugwirizana ndi lingaliro la mgwirizano: mayiko osauka nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi masheya ochepa a ndalama pa wantchito aliyense, kotero ndalama zatsopano zimakhudza kwambiri kukula. Pakadali pano, mayiko olemera omwe ali ndi masheya ambiri a ndalama pa wantchito aliyense amakula pang'onopang'ono chifukwa ndalama zowonjezera sizikukwezanso zokolola monga kale. Ngati mayiko onse ali ndi mwayi wopeza ukadaulo womwewo ndipo kapangidwe kawo ka zachuma kali kofanana, ndiye kuti ndalama zomwe munthu amapeza pa munthu aliyense zidzagwirizana pakapita nthawi.
Komabe, chitsanzo cha Solow chikugogomezeranso kuti dziko lililonse lili ndi "boma lokhazikika," kapena mulingo wa ndalama zomwe zimapeza kwa nthawi yayitali, zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zimasungidwa, kukula kwa chiwerengero cha anthu, kuchepa kwa mtengo, ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo. Chifukwa magawo awa amatha kusiyana m'maiko osiyanasiyana, zotsatira zake sizimakhala zofanana nthawi zonse.
Kugwirizana Konse
Kugwirizana kwathunthu ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yolumikizirana. Imati mayiko onse adzafika pamlingo womwewo wa ndalama zomwe munthu aliyense amapeza mtsogolo, mosasamala kanthu za momwe zinthu zilili poyamba. Mwanjira ina, mayiko osauka adzakula mofulumira kuposa mayiko olemera, zomwe pamapeto pake zidzatsogolera ku kufanana.
Kuti kugwirizana kwathunthu kukhale komveka, malingaliro okhwima amafunika: kapangidwe ka zachuma kofanana , kuchuluka kofanana kwa ndalama zosungidwa, kuchuluka kwa anthu kofanana, khalidwe lofanana la mabungwe, komanso mwayi wopeza ukadaulo wambiri. M'machitidwe, malingaliro awa samachitika kawirikawiri m'dziko lenileni. Komabe, kugwirizana kwathunthu nthawi zina kumawonedwa m'magulu ofanana a zigawo, monga mayiko kapena madera omwe ali ndi mgwirizano wamphamvu pamsika, mabungwe ofanana, komanso mwayi wopeza ukadaulo wofanana.
Kugwirizana Kokhazikika
Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mayiko, akatswiri ambiri azachuma amakonda lingaliro la mgwirizano wokhazikika. Chiphunzitsochi chimati mayiko sadzalumikizana kuti apeze ndalama zofanana, koma kuti apeze mayiko omwe ali ndi ndalama zokhazikika. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mayiko osauka akhoza kukula mofulumira kuposa mayiko olemera ngati ali ndi makhalidwe ofanana ndi a mayiko otukuka: kusunga ndalama/kuyika ndalama zokwanira, maphunziro apamwamba, mabungwe ogwira ntchito bwino, kukhazikika kwa ndale, ndi mfundo zachuma zomwe zimathandiza kupanga zinthu.
Pakugwirizana kokhazikika, dziko A lingathe kukwaniritsa dziko B pokhapokha ngati magawo ake amalola. Ngati dziko A lili ndi mabungwe ofooka, mikangano yomwe ikupitilira, kapena anthu ochepa, lingakhalebe lokhazikika. Njira imeneyi ndi yeniyeni chifukwa imafotokoza chifukwa chake mayiko ena amakwaniritsa mwachangu (mwachitsanzo, mayiko ena aku East Asia nthawi zina), pomwe ena ambiri sakumana ndi kukula kokwanira.
Kugwirizana kwa Beta ndi Sigma
Mu mabuku ofufuza, kulumikizana nthawi zambiri kumayesedwa ndi mfundo ziwiri: beta convergence ndi sigma convergence.
1. Kugwirizana kwa beta kumachitika pamene mayiko omwe ali ndi ndalama zochepa zoyambira akukula mofulumira kuposa mayiko omwe ali ndi ndalama zambiri zoyambira. Izi zimayesedwa pochepetsa kukula kwa ndalama zoyambira: ngati coefficient ndi negative, ndiye kuti beta convergence ikuwonetsedwa.
2. Kugwirizana kwa Sigma kumatanthauza kuchepa kwa kufalikira (kufalikira) kwa ndalama za munthu aliyense m'maiko osiyanasiyana pakapita nthawi. Nthawi zambiri kumayesedwa ndi kusiyana kapena kusinthasintha kwa muyezo wa log ya ndalama za munthu aliyense. Kugwirizana kwa Sigma kumakhala "kokhwima" chifukwa kuyanjana kwa beta sikuti nthawi zonse kumapangitsa kuti kusiyana kuchepe; mayiko osauka angakule mofulumira, koma ngati kusiyanako kukupitirirabe kukhala kwakukulu kapena mayiko olemera akupitilizabe kupita patsogolo, kufalikirako sikungachepe.
Zonsezi ndi zofunika: beta convergence imayesa momwe kukula kwa dziko kumayendera, pomwe sigma convergence imayesa ngati kusalingana pakati pa mayiko kukuchepadi.
Kusonkhana kwa Ma Club
Zochitika padziko lonse lapansi zikusonyeza kuti kugwirizana nthawi zambiri kumachitika mu mawonekedwe a "makalabu." Izi zikutanthauza kuti, mayiko onse sapita ku mulingo wofanana wa ndalama; amakonda kusonkhana pamodzi m'njira zina zokulira. Pali kalabu ya mayiko otukuka omwe ali ndi ukadaulo wapamwamba komanso mabungwe olimba, kalabu ya mayiko olemera apakati omwe akukula koma sanathe "kukwera," ndi kalabu ya mayiko osauka omwe akutsalira.
Kugwirizana kwa makalabu kungafotokozedwe ndi zopinga za kapangidwe kake: kukhalapo kwa malire enaake mu mphamvu za mabungwe, khalidwe la maphunziro, kukhazikika kwachuma, ndi mphamvu zatsopano. Ngati dziko ligwera pansi pa malire enaake, limavutika kuyambitsa kusonkhanitsa ndalama ndi kusintha kwa kapangidwe komwe kumafunika kuti liyambe. Lingaliroli likugwirizananso ndi vuto la msampha wapakati, pamene dziko limapulumuka umphawi koma kenako limachepa chifukwa cholephera kusintha kuchoka pa kukula kotsika mtengo kochokera ku ntchito kupita ku kukula kochokera ku zatsopano.
Udindo wa Ukadaulo , Mabungwe, ndi Utsogoleri wa Anthu
Mkangano wokhudzana ndi mgwirizano sungalekanitsidwe ndi zinthu zina zomwe sizingafanane ndi ndalama zenizeni. Zinthu zitatu zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaonedwa kuti ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale bwino ntchito ndi izi:
1. Ukadaulo ndi kufalikira kwa luso latsopano
Mayiko omwe akutukuka akhoza kufulumizitsa kukula mwa kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo womwe ulipo kale m'maiko otukuka (kukula kwa makampani). Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo sikungochitika zokha: kumafuna zomangamanga, luso, ndi malo othandizira mabizinesi.
2. Mabungwe zachuma ndi ndale
Ufulu womveka bwino wa katundu, kutsata malamulo, mabungwe ogwira ntchito bwino, komanso ziphuphu zochepa zimagwirizana ndi momwe ndalama zimakhalira bwino. Mabungwe osauka amawonjezera ndalama zogulira zinthu ndi zoopsa, amalepheretsa kusonkhanitsa ndalama, komanso kupanga zinthu pang'onopang'ono.
3. Chitukuko cha anthu
Maphunziro, luso, thanzi, ndi zakudya zimathandizira kuti ntchito iyende bwino. Mayiko omwe ali ndi ndalama zochepa omwe amatha kuwonjezera anthu awo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ndalama ndi ukadaulo mwachangu.
Kugwirizana kwa Dziko Lonse, Malonda, ndi Kugwirizana
Malonda apadziko lonse lapansi ndi ndalama zochokera kunja (FDI) nthawi zambiri zimaonedwa ngati njira zofunika kwambiri zolumikizirana. Kudzera mu kutseguka, mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene amatha kupeza misika yayikulu, kupindula ndi kufalikira kwa ukadaulo, ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito kudzera mu mpikisano. Komabe, ubwino wa kufalikira kwa dziko lonse lapansi umadalira kwambiri kukonzekera kwamkati mwa dziko. Ngati nyumba zachuma zili zofooka ndipo kudalira kutumiza kunja kumangokhala pazinthu zopangira, kutseguka kumatha kuyambitsa kusakhazikika komanso kusalingana popanda kuyambitsa kusintha kwa mafakitale.
Mapeto
Chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano wa zachuma pakati pa mayiko chimapereka njira yomvetsetsa ngati komanso momwe mayiko osauka angafikire mayiko olemera. Ma modelo akale amathandizira lingaliro lakuti mayiko omwe ali ndi ndalama zochepa ali ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kokulira, koma zenizeni zikuwonetsa kuti mgwirizano siwokha. Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa mabungwe, ukadaulo, kuchuluka kwa anthu, ndi anthu, dziko nthawi zambiri limasonyeza mgwirizano wokhazikika kapena mgwirizano wa magulu m'malo mogwirizana kwathunthu.
Zotsatira za ndondomeko ya chitukuko n'zoonekeratu: kukwaniritsa cholinga sikuti kungowonjezera ndalama zokha, komanso kumanga mabungwe odalirika, kulimbitsa ubwino wa maphunziro ndi chisamaliro chaumoyo, kulimbikitsa kusiyanasiyana kwachuma, ndikupanga malo omwe ali olimba pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo. Kugwirizana n'kotheka, koma kumafuna zofunikira—ndipo kupambana kwa dziko lililonse kudzadalira kwambiri momwe zofunikirazo zikukwaniritsidwira mwachangu.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kuwonjezera zitsanzo za nkhani (monga East Asia, European Union, kapena Sub-Saharan Africa), deta ya zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi, ndi buku lalifupi lolembedwa kuti nkhaniyi ikhale yophunzirira bwino.
