Chitsanzo cha Kukula Kochepa mu Chitukuko cha Zachuma Cha Nthawi Yaitali
Chitsanzo cha kukula kwa Solow ndi chimodzi mwa njira zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri zachuma zazikulu pofotokoza momwe chuma chimakulira pakapita nthawi. Chopangidwa ndi Robert M. Solow pakati pa zaka za m'ma 20, chitsanzochi chimathandiza akatswiri azachuma ndi opanga mfundo kumvetsetsa udindo wa kusonkhanitsa ndalama, kukula kwa ogwira ntchito, ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo pakuwonjezera zokolola za dziko. Pankhani ya chitukuko cha zachuma cha nthawi yayitali, Chitsanzo cha Solow ndi chofunikira chifukwa chikuwonetsa kuti kukula kokhazikika sikudalira kokha kuwonjezera ndalama zakuthupi komanso kukweza zokolola kudzera muukadaulo ndi mtundu wa anthu ogwira ntchito.
Kuganiza Koyambira kwa Solow Model
Chitsanzo cha Solow chimayamba ndi lingaliro lakuti chuma chimapanga zokolola (katundu ndi ntchito) mwa kuphatikiza zinthu zitatu zazikulu: ndalama, ntchito, ndi ukadaulo. Mwachidule, ubale uwu nthawi zambiri umalembedwa ngati ntchito yopanga zinthu zonse:
Y = F(K, L, A)
pomwe Y ndi zotuluka za dziko lonse, K ndi ndalama zoyambira, L ndi mphamvu ya ogwira ntchito, ndipo A imayimira mulingo wa ukadaulo kapena kuchuluka kwa zinthu zonse (TFP). Chitsanzochi nthawi zambiri chimaganiza kuti ntchito yopanga ili ndi phindu lochepa ku ndalama zoyambira ndi ntchito padera. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngati mphamvu ya ogwira ntchito ikhala yokhazikika, ndalama zowonjezera zidzawonjezera zotuluka, koma kuwonjezeka kudzakhala kochepa pakapita nthawi. Zomwezo zimagwiranso ntchito kwa antchito owonjezera pamene ndalama zoyambira zimakhala zokhazikika.
Kuphatikiza apo, Solow Model imatenga ndalama zosungidwa ngati gwero la ndalama. Gawo la ndalama za dziko limasungidwa kenako nkuyikidwanso kuti liwonjezere ndalama zomwe zili mu capital stock. Komabe, capital imakumananso ndi kuchepa kwa mtengo, komwe ndi kutayika kwa mtengo kapena mphamvu chifukwa cha kugwiritsidwa ntchito komanso ukalamba.
Kusonkhanitsa Ndalama ndi Njira Zokulira
Mu chitsanzo ichi, kusonkhanitsa ndalama kumafotokozedwa ndi equation yosavuta:
ΔK = sY − δK
s ndi chiwongola dzanja chosungira, δ ndi chiwongola dzanja chotsika mtengo, ndipo ΔK ndi kusintha kwa masheya a capital. Ngati ndalama (sY) ndi zazikulu kuposa kuchepa mtengo (δK), masheya a capital amawonjezeka; mosiyana, ngati ndi ochepa, masheya a capital amachepa.
Kukula kwa zokolola kwakanthawi kochepa kungachitike chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zimayikidwa komanso kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zimayikidwa. Mwachitsanzo, mayiko omwe akutukuka nthawi zambiri amayesa kulimbikitsa kupanga ndalama kudzera mu chitukuko cha zomangamanga, mafakitale, ndi mfundo zomwe zimawonjezera ndalama zomwe zimasungidwa m'dziko ndikukopa ndalama zakunja. Poyamba, ndalama zowonjezera zimatha kuwonjezera kwambiri zokolola ndi zokolola.
Komabe, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa phindu, kuwonjezereka kwa ndalama zomwe zimayikidwa m'mabanki sikudzabweretsa kukula kwakukulu kwa zokolola. Panthawi ina, chuma chidzapita ku mkhalidwe wokhazikika womwe umatchedwa steady state.
Lingaliro la Steady State mu Solow Model
Boma lokhazikika ndi mkhalidwe womwe ndalama zomwe munthu aliyense amaika pa ntchito zimakhala zokwanira kuphimba kuchepa kwa mtengo ndi zofunikira pa chuma zomwe zimadza chifukwa cha kukula kwa anthu. Mu boma lokhazikika, ndalama zomwe munthu aliyense amaika pa ntchito ndi zomwe munthu aliyense amaika pa ntchito zimakhalabe zofanana. Chuma chingakulebe ngati anthu ambiri akukula, koma ndalama zomwe munthu aliyense amapeza sizingakwere popanda kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo.
Lingaliro limeneli ndi lofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha zachuma cha nthawi yayitali chifukwa limatanthauza kuti mfundo zomwe zimayang'ana kwambiri pakuwonjezera ndalama zosungidwa ndi ndalama zomwe zimayikidwa sizigwira ntchito bwino. Kukweza ndalama zosungidwa, mwachitsanzo, kungakweze ndalama zomwe munthu amapeza, koma pokhapokha chuma chikafika pamlingo watsopano wokhazikika. Pambuyo pake, kukula kwa munthu aliyense kumachepanso.
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, dziko likhoza kukhala lolemera kwambiri powonjezera mphamvu ya ndalama, koma silingathe kupirira kukula kwakukulu kwa munthu aliyense chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ndalama zokha.
Udindo wa Kukula kwa Anthu
Chitsanzo cha Solow chikugogomezeranso kufunika kwa ntchito kapena kukula kwa chiwerengero cha anthu (n). Pamene chiwerengero cha anthu chikukula, ndalama zomwe zilipo ziyenera kugawidwa pakati pa antchito ambiri. Ngati ndalama zomwe zimayikidwa sizikukwera ndi kukula kwa chiwerengero cha anthu, ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa wogwira ntchito aliyense zidzatsika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti phindu la wogwira ntchito aliyense komanso ndalama zomwe amapeza pa munthu aliyense zichepe.
Chimene chimayambitsa chitukuko cha zachuma kwa nthawi yayitali n'chakuti mayiko omwe ali ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu ambiri amafunika ndalama zambiri kuti asunge ndalama zomwe munthu aliyense amagwira ntchito. Izi zikufotokoza chifukwa chake mayiko ena amavutika kupeza ndalama za munthu aliyense ngakhale kuti ndalama zonse zimayikidwa—chifukwa choyamba ayenera “kukwaniritsa” kukula kwa anthu.
Komabe, kukula kwa chiwerengero cha anthu kungakhalenso mwayi ngati kutsatiridwa ndi kusintha kwa ubwino wa ntchito, maphunziro, ndi kupanga ntchito. Chitsanzo cha Solow sichikuphatikizapo momveka bwino ubwino wa ntchito, koma chitukuko chake chalimbikitsa kusanthula kwa anthu ogwira ntchito.
Ukadaulo ndi Gwero la Kukula kwa Nthawi Yaitali
Chothandizira chachikulu cha Solow Model pakumvetsetsa kukula kwa nthawi yayitali ndichakuti imayang'ana kwambiri kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo. Mu chitsanzo ichi, ukadaulo (A) wokha ndi womwe ungalimbikitse kukula kosatha kwa zokolola pa wantchito aliyense pakapita nthawi.
Kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo kumawonjezera zokolola: ndi ndalama zomwezo ndi antchito, chuma chingathe kupanga zokolola zambiri. Ukadaulo pano ndi waukulu: umaphatikizapo zatsopano, kugwira ntchito bwino kwa njira zopangira, khalidwe la kasamalidwe, kugwiritsa ntchito digito, kafukufuku ndi chitukuko (R&D), komanso kuthekera kwa mabungwe kutsogolera ntchito zachuma.
Mu kafukufuku wambiri wofufuza, kusiyana kwa kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo ndi kupanga zinthu ndiye zifukwa zazikulu zomwe zikufotokozera chifukwa chake mayiko otukuka ali ndi ndalama zambiri kuposa mayiko omwe akutukuka. Kusunga ndalama ndi ndalama ndizofunikira, koma ukadaulo umayika "malire" a kupanga zinthu zomwe zingatheke.
Kugwirizana ndi Zotsatira zake ku Mayiko Otukuka
Chitsanzo cha Solow chimatchukanso ndi lingaliro lake la kugwirizana. M'malingaliro, mayiko osauka (omwe ali ndi ndalama zochepa pa wantchito aliyense) amatha kukula mofulumira kuposa mayiko olemera chifukwa ndalama zowonjezera zimakhudza kwambiri pamene ndalama sizikupezeka. Izi zimatchedwa zotsatira za catch-up. Poganiza kuti mayiko ali ndi mwayi wofanana wopeza ukadaulo ndi mabungwe ofanana, mayiko osauka "adzakwaniritsa" maiko olemera mtsogolo.
Komabe, kwenikweni, kugwirizana sikumachitika nthawi zonse. Zifukwa zake zimatha kukhala zosiyanasiyana: kusiyana kwa ubwino wa mabungwe, kukhazikika kwa ndale, machitidwe a maphunziro, zomangamanga, kutseguka kwa malonda, ndi kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo. Chitsanzo cha Solow chimapereka njira yomvetsetsa kuti kusiyana kwa ndalama zokha sikukwanira kufotokoza kusalingana kwa ndalama padziko lonse; zokolola ndi zinthu zomwe mabungwe amachita nazonso zimathandiza kwambiri.
Ubwino ndi Zofooka za Solow Model
Monga chitsanzo chakale, Solow Model ili ndi zabwino zingapo: ndi yosavuta, yomveka bwino, komanso imafotokoza bwino ntchito ya kusonkhanitsa ndalama ndi ukadaulo. Imaperekanso maziko owunikira mfundo, monga momwe kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zasungidwa, kukula kwa chiwerengero cha anthu, ndi kuchepa kwa mtengo wake.
Komabe, Solow Model ilinso ndi zoletsa. Choyamba, ukadaulo umaonedwa ngati wakunja—ngati kuti kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo “kumachokera kunja” ndipo sikufotokozedwa mkati mwa chitsanzocho. Chachiwiri, chitsanzocho sichifotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za mabungwe, kugawa ndalama, ubwino wa maphunziro, ndi kapangidwe ka zachuma. Chachitatu, zochitika zamakono pakukula zikuwonetsa kuti kupanga zinthu zatsopano, mfundo zamafakitale, ndi ndalama mu kafukufuku ndi anthu zitha kupanga ukadaulo mwanjira yachilengedwe. Kutsutsa kumeneku kunayambitsa mitundu yakukula kwachilengedwe monga Romer ndi Lucas.
Komabe, Solow Model ikadali yofunikira ngati maziko oyamba kumvetsetsa kukula kwa nthawi yayitali komanso ngati chida chowunikira musanayambe kukambirana zinthu zovuta kwambiri.
Mapeto
Chitsanzo cha kukula kwa Solow chikugogomezera kuti chitukuko cha zachuma cha nthawi yayitali sichingadalire kokha kusonkhanitsa ndalama zakuthupi. Ndalama zitha kukulitsa ndalama zomwe munthu amapeza, koma zotsatira zake zimachepa chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa phindu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chuma chifike pamlingo wokhazikika. Kukula kwa chiwerengero cha anthu kumawonjezera vutoli pofuna ndalama zambiri kuti ndalama zipitirire kuchepa kwa wogwira ntchito aliyense. Zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kukula kwachuma kukhale kokhazikika ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo ndi zokolola.
Kwa mayiko omwe akufuna chitukuko cha nthawi yayitali, uthenga waukulu wa Solow Model ndi kufunika kopanga dongosolo lothandizira kuchulukitsa zokolola: maphunziro abwino, zatsopano ndi kafukufuku, mabungwe ogwira ntchito bwino, zomangamanga zokwanira, ndi mfundo zomwe zimalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo. Izi zikutsimikizira kuti kukula kwachuma sikungowonjezera kwakanthawi kuchokera ku ndalama zolowa, koma njira yokhazikika yomwe imakweza ubwino wa anthu pakapita nthawi.
