Chiphunzitso Chokhazikika mu Kukula kwa Zachuma Zamakono
Kukula kwachuma ndi nkhani yaikulu pa zachuma, makamaka chifukwa chakuti ikugwirizana mwachindunji ndi kukonza ubwino wa anthu, kupanga ntchito, ndi kuthekera kwa dziko kukulitsa mphamvu zake zopanga zinthu. M'mbiri yonse ya malingaliro azachuma, mafotokozedwe a chifukwa chake mayiko ena amakula mofulumira kuposa ena apitilizabe kusintha. Njira imodzi yomwe yakhala yokhudza kwambiri kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 20 ndi chiphunzitso cha kukula kwachilengedwe, chiphunzitso chomwe chimagogomezera kuti gwero lalikulu la kukula lingachokere ku zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa mkati mwa dongosolo lazachuma, osati kuchokera ku zinthu zakunja zokha kapena "zodabwitsa" zaukadaulo zochokera kunja.
Chiyambi: Kuchokera ku Chiphunzitso cha Neoclassical kupita ku Chiphunzitso cha Endogenous
Chiphunzitso cha endogeneity chisanayambe kutchuka, zitsanzo zazikulu za kukula zinali zitsanzo zakale monga chitsanzo cha Solow-Swan. Mu zitsanzo izi, kukula kwa nthawi yayitali kumatsimikiziridwa makamaka ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo wakunja—kutanthauza kuti ukadaulo umaganiziridwa kuti umachokera kunja kwa chitsanzo ndipo zomwe zimayambitsa sizikufotokozedwa. Ndalama ndi ntchito zimagwira ntchito, koma zimakumana ndi phindu lochepa. Chifukwa chake, popanda kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, kukula kwa munthu aliyense pamapeto pake kumachepa.
Chotsutsa chachikulu cha njira iyi ndi ichi: ngati ukadaulo ndiye chinsinsi cha kukula, bwanji umaloledwa "kugwa kuchokera kumwamba" popanda kufotokoza? Kuphatikiza apo, chitsanzo chakunja chimavutika kufotokoza chifukwa chake mfundo za boma, ndalama zomwe zimayikidwa mu maphunziro, kafukufuku, ndi mabungwe zimatha kuyambitsa kusiyana kwa kukula m'maiko osiyanasiyana.
Chiphunzitso cha kukula kwa zinthu m'thupi chinayamba kuti chithetse kusiyana kumeneku. Kwenikweni, chiphunzitsochi chikuyesera kufotokoza kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo ndi zokolola chifukwa cha zisankho zachuma—monga, chisankho cha kampani chopanga zinthu zatsopano, chisankho cha munthu payekha chopita kusukulu, kapena mfundo za boma zolimbikitsa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko.
Malingaliro Aakulu a Chiphunzitso cha Kukula kwa Endogenous
Chiphunzitso cha endogenous chimayamba ndi malingaliro angapo ofunikira:
1. Chidziwitso ndi luso sizipikisana
Mosiyana ndi zinthu zakuthupi, chidziwitso chingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi magulu ambiri nthawi imodzi popanda "kutha." Kampani imodzi ikapeza njira yatsopano yopangira, chidziwitso chimenecho chingafalikire mwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina ndikuwonjezera zokolola za ena. Izi zimadziwika kuti chidziwitso chofalikira.
2. Kuonjezera phindu pamlingo (kuwonjezera phindu)
Popeza chidziwitso chingagwiritsidwenso ntchito ndipo ndalama zopangira malingaliro atsopano nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokwera poyamba koma zochepa kuti zibwerezedwenso, chuma chimatha kupeza phindu lalikulu. Izi zimasiyana ndi malingaliro akale, omwe nthawi zambiri amagogomezera kuchepa kwa phindu ku ndalama.
3. Udindo wa ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali pa ubwino wa anthu ogwira ntchito
Maphunziro, thanzi, maphunziro, ndi kuphunzira kuntchito (kuphunzira mwa kuchita) kumawonjezera zokolola. Mu chiphunzitso cha chilengedwe, luso la anthu si chinthu chothandizira chabe koma ndi injini yayikulu ya kukula.
4. Ndondomeko ndi mabungwe zimakhudza kukula kwa nthawi yayitali.
Ngati luso ndi kusonkhanitsa chidziwitso ndi zotsatira za zisankho zachuma, ndiye kuti mfundo zamisonkho, thandizo la kafukufuku ndi chitukuko, chitetezo cha katundu wanzeru, ubwino wa mabungwe aboma, ndi mpikisano zidzakhudza kukula kwa nthawi yayitali—osati kuchuluka kwa zokolola zomwe zachitika nthawi yomweyo.
Ma Model Ofunika mu Chiphunzitso Chamkati
Chiphunzitso cha kukula kwa chibadwa chinapangidwa kudzera mu zitsanzo zingapo zofunika.
1. Model AK (Rebelo)
Chitsanzo cha AK ndi njira yosavuta yomwe imati zotuluka (Y) zimadalira ndalama (K): Y = AK. Palibe phindu lochepa, monga momwe zilili mu chitsanzo cha neoclassical. A ikhoza kuwonetsa ukadaulo kapena zokolola zonse. Chifukwa zobwerera ku ndalama sizikuchepa, kusonkhanitsa ndalama kungapitirire kupititsa patsogolo kukula kwa nthawi yayitali. M'mamasuliridwe amakono, "chuma" chingaphatikizepo ndalama zakuthupi komanso ndalama zothandizira anthu kapena zomangamanga.
2. Chitsanzo cha Anthu (Lucas)
Robert Lucas akugogomezera kuti kukula kumabwera chifukwa cha kusonkhanitsa ndalama zothandizira anthu kudzera mu maphunziro ndi kuphunzira. Kuchita bwino kwa wantchito sikudalira luso lake lokha komanso malo omwe ali pagulu komanso azachuma—monga momwe chidziwitso chimafalikira mwachangu. Chifukwa chake, ndalama zomwe zimayikidwa mu maphunziro zimatha kubweretsa zabwino zambiri pagulu kuposa zabwino zachinsinsi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale njira yothandiza kwambiri yolowererapo pa mfundo.
3. Chitsanzo cha Kafukufuku ndi Kupititsa Patsogolo ndi Zatsopano (Romer)
Paul Romer adayambitsa dongosolo lomwe makampani amachita kafukufuku kuti apange zinthu zatsopano zapakatikati, mapangidwe atsopano, kapena ukadaulo watsopano. Kupanga zinthu zatsopano kumabweretsa kukula mwa kuwonjezera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kuwonjezera zokolola. Komabe, chifukwa kupanga malingaliro kumakhala kokwera mtengo komanso kosavuta kukopera, nkhani zolimbikitsa zimabuka. Apa ndi pomwe ma patent ndi chitetezo cha katundu wanzeru zimamveka ngati njira zolimbikitsira kupanga zinthu zatsopano, ngakhale kuti zingatheke kupanga mphamvu yakanthawi.
Zotsatira za Ndondomeko pa Kukula kwa Zachuma Zamakono
Chimodzi mwa mphamvu za chiphunzitso cha endogeneity ndi kufunika kwake pa mfundo za boma. Ngati kukula kungakhudzidwe ndi zisankho zokhudzana ndi ndalama komanso ubwino wa mabungwe, ndiye kuti mayiko ali ndi mwayi wofulumizitsa kukula kwa nthawi yayitali.
Zina mwa zotsatira za ndondomeko zomwe zimakambidwa kawirikawiri:
1. Kuyika ndalama mu maphunziro ndi maphunziro a ogwira ntchito
Kukweza mwayi wopeza maphunziro ndi ubwino wake (kuphatikizapo maphunziro aukadaulo, STEM, ndi maphunziro a digito) kungathandizire kukula mwa kuwonjezera luso lopanga zinthu zatsopano.
2. Thandizo pa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko (R&D)
Ndalama zothandizira pa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko, zolimbikitsa misonkho pakupanga zinthu zatsopano, ndi mgwirizano pakati pa mayunivesite ndi mafakitale zitha kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zapezeka paukadaulo. Chifukwa chidziwitso chomwe chimapezeka m'mafakitale chimapanga maubwino omwe anthu ambiri sagawana mokwanira ndi opanga zinthu zatsopano, thandizo la boma nthawi zambiri limaonedwa kuti ndi lofunikira.
3. Kukhazikitsa njira zatsopano komanso zochitira bizinesi
Kukula kwa misika yokhazikika kukuwonetsa kufunika kwa misika yosinthasintha: kusavuta kuyambitsa bizinesi, mwayi wopeza ndalama, chitetezo cha osunga ndalama, ndi malamulo omwe salepheretsa kuyesa bizinesi.
4. Kulimbitsa mabungwe ndi ulamuliro
Kuchuluka kwa ziphuphu, kusatsimikizika kwa malamulo, komanso kayendetsedwe ka mabungwe oyendetsera ntchito pang'onopang'ono kungawononge zolimbikitsa ndalama kwa nthawi yayitali. Mabungwe ogwira ntchito bwino amapereka chitsimikizo kwa opanga zinthu zatsopano komanso osunga ndalama.
5. Kutseguka kwachuma kosankha komanso koyenera
Malonda akunja ndi ndalama zitha kufulumizitsa kufalikira kwa ukadaulo. Komabe, chiphunzitso chachilengedwe chimagogomezeranso kufunika kwa njira zowonetsetsa kuti chidziwitso chikuchitika, monga kudzera mu kukulitsa luso la anthu am'deralo, mapulogalamu olumikizirana ndi makampani, kapena kulimbitsa luso lofufuza la m'dziko.
Ubale Pakati pa Zachuma Za digito ndi Nthawi Yamakono
Mu chuma chamakono, chiphunzitso cha kukula kwa zinthu zachilengedwe chikufunika kwambiri chifukwa magawo ambiri amadalira zinthu zosaoneka: mapulogalamu, deta, ma algorithms, mapangidwe, ndi mitundu. Zinthu zimenezi zili ndi makhalidwe ofanana ndi chidziwitso—zimabwerezedwa mosavuta, ubwino wake umafalikira kwambiri, ndipo zimatha kubweretsa phindu lowonjezeka. Nzosadabwitsa kuti makampani aukadaulo nthawi zambiri amawonetsa kukula mwachangu komanso zotsatira za netiweki, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi mzimu wa chiphunzitso cha zinthu zachilengedwe.
Kuphatikiza apo, kusintha kwa digito kumathandizira kufalikira kwa malingaliro, komanso kumawonjezera mpikisano wapadziko lonse. Mayiko omwe amatha kukulitsa luso la digito, chikhalidwe cha zatsopano, ndi malamulo osinthika nthawi zambiri amakhala okonzeka bwino kukula kosatha.
Kudzudzula ndi Zolepheretsa
Ngakhale kuti mfundo zake ndi zamphamvu, mfundo zachikhalidwe sizili zopanda kutsutsa. Choyamba, kuyeza "chidziwitso" ndi "kutayika" mwa njira yoyesera sikophweka. Chachiwiri, zitsanzo zina zachikhalidwe zimakhala zosavuta kupanga kapangidwe ka chuma chenicheni ndikutenga njira zinazake za msika. Chachitatu, mfundo zatsopano sizimapambana nthawi zonse—ndalama zothandizira zitha kusokonezedwa molakwika, ma patent amatha kulepheretsa kufalikira kwa chidziwitso, ndipo kulowererapo kwa boma kungayambitse vuto la makhalidwe abwino ngati ulamuliro uli wofooka.
Komabe, phindu lalikulu la chiphunzitso cha endogenous ndilakuti limapereka chimango chakuti kukula si tsogolo lokhalo lokhalo lokhazikika ndi zinthu zakunja, koma kungapangidwe kudzera mu zisankho zogulira ndalama, kupanga zatsopano, ndi kulimbikitsa mabungwe.
Kutseka
Chiphunzitso cha kukula kwa chibadwa chimapereka lingaliro lofunikira kwambiri pomvetsetsa kukula kwachuma kwamakono: magwero a kupita patsogolo kwa nthawi yayitali amatha kutuluka munjira zachuma zamkati monga kupanga zinthu zatsopano, kusonkhanitsa ndalama za anthu, kuphunzira, ndi kufalitsa chidziwitso. Mosiyana ndi zitsanzo zakunja zomwe zimawona ukadaulo ngati chinthu chakunja, chiphunzitso cha chibadwa chimafotokoza kuti ukadaulo, zokolola, ndi mpikisano zitha kukonzedwa kudzera mu mfundo zoyenera komanso malo othandizira azachuma. Pakati pa zovuta zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso kufulumira kwachuma cha digito, njira ya chibadwa imapereka maziko olimba kuti mayiko apange njira zokulira zokhazikika, zophatikiza, komanso zozikidwa pa chidziwitso.
