Zipangizo Zomangira mu Kapangidwe ka Nyumba
Zipangizo zomangira ndi "chilankhulo" chomwe chimapangitsa nyumba kuti isangokhala yokhazikika, komanso ikhale yomasuka, yolimba, yotetezeka, komanso yogwirizana ndi nyengo ndi moyo wa anthu okhalamo. Mu zomangamanga za nyumba, kusankha zinthu sikungaganizidwe ngati nkhani yokongola kokha. Zipangizozo zimatsimikizira momwe kutentha kumagwirira ntchito, mpweya wabwino wamkati, zofunikira pakusamalira, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndalama nthawi yonse ya moyo wa nyumbayo, komanso ngakhale malo ake ozungulira. Chifukwa chake, kukambirana za zipangizo ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popanga nyumba yabwino—kaya ya nyumba zotsika mtengo, zapakatikati, kapena zapamwamba.
Udindo wa zipangizo: kapangidwe, chitonthozo, ndi mawonekedwe
Mwachidule, zipangizo zimagwira ntchito pa zigawo zitatu zazikulu. Choyamba, kapangidwe kake: maziko, zipilala, matabwa, makoma otengera zinthu, ndi denga. Pano, zipangizo zimasankhidwa kutengera mphamvu zawo, kukana zivomerezi, chinyezi, chiswe, ndi moyo wawo. Chachiwiri, chivundikiro cha nyumba: makoma akunja, madenga, mafelemu, galasi, ndi kutentha. Gawoli limagwira ntchito yayikulu pakulamulira kutentha, phokoso, ndi madzi amvula. Chachitatu, gawo lomaliza: pansi, utoto, denga, ndi zinthu zokongoletsera. Gawo lomalizali limapanga mawonekedwe a malo ndipo limakhudza kutulutsa kwa mankhwala (monga ma VOC ochokera ku utoto kapena guluu) omwe amalumikizidwa ndi thanzi.
Nyumba ku Indonesia zikukumana ndi mavuto apadera: nyengo yamvula yotentha, mvula yambiri, kutentha kwambiri padzuwa, komanso chiopsezo cha zivomerezi m'madera ambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zipangizo ziyenera kukhala zolimbana ndi nyengo, zolimbana ndi chinyezi ndi nkhungu, komanso zokhala ndi tsatanetsatane woyenera wokhazikitsa kuti zisavutike monga kutuluka kwa madzi, ming'alu, kapena dzimbiri.
Konkriti: maziko a zomangamanga zamakono
Konkire yolimbikitsidwa ndi chinthu chodziwika kwambiri pa nyumba ku Indonesia. Ubwino wake ndi monga mphamvu yolimba, kusasinthasintha mawonekedwe, kupezeka mosavuta, komanso kuyenerera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyumba. Konkire ilinso ndi kutentha kwambiri, zomwe zimathandiza kuti isunge kutentha; izi zitha kukhala zabwino ngati kapangidwe kake kamapangitsa kuti mpweya ukhale wabwino usiku, koma zitha kukhala zovuta ngati nyumbayo ilibe mthunzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kutentha kwa masana kukhale kotentha.
Zofooka za konkriti zili mu kapangidwe kake. Chiŵerengero cha kusakaniza, makulidwe a konkriti, ubwino wa kulimbitsa, ndi njira yophikira zimatsimikizira kwambiri kulimba kwake. M'malo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kuchuluka kwa mchere kumathandizira dzimbiri la kulimbitsa ngati chitetezo cha konkriti sichikwanira. Chifukwa chake, kusankha konkriti kuyenera kutsagana ndi luso loyenera komanso tsatanetsatane wa zomangamanga zomwe zimaletsa madzi kugwirizanitsa zinthu zamkati.
Njerwa zofiira, buloko la konkire, ndi njerwa zopepuka: makoma omwe amatsimikiza chitonthozo
Makoma a nyumba nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi njerwa zofiira, batako (njerwa yadothi), kapena konkire wopepuka (AAC). Njerwa zofiira zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri komanso zimamveka bwino, ndipo zimakhala ndi mphamvu yabwino yomveka. Komabe, kukula kosagwirizana komanso kuchepa kwa matope kungayambitse ming'alu ya tsitsi ngati sizikugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino. Batako ndi yofulumira kuyiyika komanso yotsika mtengo, koma ubwino wake umasiyana; njerwa zokhala ndi mabowo zimatha kuyamwa madzi mosavuta, zomwe zimafuna pulasitala ndi utoto wokwanira.
Njerwa zopepuka zimatchuka chifukwa cha kulemera kwawo kopepuka, kulondola, komanso kuyika mwachangu ndi guluu woonda. Izi zimathandiza kuchepetsa katundu womangidwa ndipo zimapereka kumalizidwa bwino. Pa kutentha, AAC imapereka kutchinjiriza bwino kuposa njerwa zofiira zolimba, zomwe zimathandiza kuti zipinda zozizira zikhale ndi malo otseguka komanso mpweya wabwino. Komabe, njerwa zopepuka zimafuna chitetezo cha madzi ndi malo olumikizirana bwino kuti zisang'ambike pomwe zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zimakumana.
Matabwa ndi nsungwi: zipangizo zachilengedwe zokhala ndi mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri
Matabwa ali ndi mawonekedwe okongola komanso otonthoza kutentha. Ndi ofunda, osavuta kuwapanga, ndipo ndi oyenera zinthu monga mafelemu, zitseko, pansi, denga, komanso nyumba zopepuka. M'malo otentha, matabwa amafunika mankhwala oletsa chiswe ndi bowa, komanso kapangidwe kake katsatanetsatane kuti madzi asalowe (monga kupereka denga lokwanira komanso kuonetsetsa kuti matabwawo sakhudzana mwachindunji ndi nthaka yonyowa).
Nsungwi, monga chinthu chobwezerezedwanso, ikutchuka kwambiri chifukwa cha kulemera kwake kopepuka, mphamvu yokoka, komanso kumveka bwino. Komabe, nsungwi imafuna chidziwitso chapadera: kusungidwa, njira zolumikizira, komanso kutetezedwa ku dzuwa ndi mvula. Pa ntchito zapakhomo, nsungwi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mthunzi, denga, lattice, kapena ngakhale zinthu zina zomangamanga m'mapangidwe ena a akatswiri odziwa bwino ntchito.
Chitsulo chopepuka ndi chitsulo chomangidwa: chothandiza komanso cholondola
Madenga opangidwa ndi chitsulo chopepuka akhala odziwika bwino m'mapulojekiti ambiri okhalamo chifukwa cha kukhazikitsidwa kwawo mwachangu komanso molondola, komanso kukana chiswe. Chofunika kwambiri pa ubwino wawo chili mu makulidwe a zinthu, mtundu wa utoto wotsutsana ndi dzimbiri, komanso kapangidwe ka madenga ndi maulumikizidwe, omwe ndi oyenera kunyamula katundu wa mphepo ndi chophimba padenga. Chitsulo chomangidwa (I-, H-, kapena ma profiles opanda kanthu) chimagwiritsidwanso ntchito nthawi zambiri pazitali zazitali, ma canopies, kapena nyumba zamakampani.
Zoyipa za chitsulo ndi kutentha kwake kwambiri komanso kuthekera kwake koyambitsa dzimbiri. Chifukwa chake, zinthu zoteteza monga utoto woletsa dzimbiri, galvanization, komanso kupewa malo osungira madzi ndizofunikira kwambiri. M'nyumba zotentha , ma truss a denga ayenera kukhala ndi mpweya wabwino komanso choteteza kutentha kuti achepetse kutentha kwambiri.
Denga: pakati pa chitetezo cha nyengo ndi magwiridwe antchito a kutentha
Zophimba denga zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo matailosi a dongo, konkire, chitsulo, ndi bituminous. Matailosi a dongo amapereka kutentha kwabwino komanso mawonekedwe akale, koma ndi olemera, omwe amafunikira chithandizo chokwanira cha kapangidwe kake. Matailosi a konkire ndi ofanana komanso olimba, koma olemera ndipo amatha kuwonjezera katundu. Madenga achitsulo ndi opepuka komanso ofulumira kuyika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akhale oyenera nyumba zamakono , koma amatha kukhala phokoso mvula ikagwa ndipo amatenthetsa; yankho lake ndi wosanjikiza wa insulation, denga labwino, komanso mpweya wabwino.
Kuwonjezera pa zinthu zophimba denga, tsatanetsatane wa denga lotsetsereka, ngalande, zokutira pamwamba, ndi njira zotulutsira madzi amvula zimatsimikiza kuti nyumbayo singathe kupirira kutuluka kwa madzi ndi chinyezi. M'nyumba zotentha, zokutira pamwamba zokwanira ndi njira zotetezera zimachepetsa kutentha kwambiri ndikuteteza makoma ku madzi otuluka.
Magalasi ndi malo otseguka: kuwala, mpweya wabwino komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu moyenera
Galasi limagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa ubwino wa malo. Malo otseguka bwino amapereka kuwala kwachilengedwe komanso mpweya wodutsa, zomwe zimachepetsa kufunikira kwa kuunikira ndi mpweya woziziritsa. Komabe, magalasi ambiri opanda mthunzi amatha kuwonjezera kutentha (kuchuluka kwa kutentha kwa dzuwa). Kusankha magalasi owoneka bwino, opaka utoto, otsika, kapena opaka utoto kumakhudza chitonthozo ndi chitetezo. Mafelemu a aluminiyamu safuna kukonzedwa kwambiri, pomwe mafelemu amatabwa amapereka kukongola kwachilengedwe koma amafunika kukonzedwa nthawi zonse. M'malo aphokoso, magalasi awiri kapena kuphatikiza magalasi okhuthala kungathandize kuti mawu azikhala bwino.
Kumaliza mkati: thanzi, chisamaliro ndi mlengalenga
Zomaliza monga utoto, ceramic, parquet, vinyl, miyala yachilengedwe, kapena simenti yowonekera bwino zimapangitsa nyumba kukhala yabwino. Zinthu zofunika kuziganizira apa ndi kusamalitsa mosavuta, kukana chinyezi, komanso thanzi la okhalamo. Utoto wopanda VOC, zomatira zotetezeka, ndi zinthu zosagwira nkhungu ndizofunikira kwambiri m'nyumba zomwe zili ndi chinyezi. Pansi pa ceramic sipamadzi ndipo ndi kosavuta kuyeretsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera m'malo onyowa. Matabwa kapena matabwa opangidwa ndi matabwa amapereka chitonthozo koma amafunika kulamulira chinyezi kuti asagwedezeke. Koma simenti yowonekera bwino imapereka mawonekedwe amakono koma iyenera kutsekedwa kuti ipewe fumbi komanso kuyeretsa mosavuta.
Zipangizo zokhazikika: kuchokera ku gwero mpaka ku zotsatira za mpweya woipa
Mapangidwe a nyumba akuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zosawononga chilengedwe: kugwiritsa ntchito matabwa ovomerezeka, nsungwi yosamalidwa bwino, njerwa zobwezerezedwanso, utoto wotulutsa mpweya wochepa, ndi njira zopangira zinthu zotsika mtengo kuti muchepetse ndalama zamagetsi. Komabe, "zokhazikika" sizitanthauza nthawi zonse zinthu zokwera mtengo. Kukonza bwino zipangizo zakomweko, kuchepetsa zinyalala, kusankha zipangizo zolimba, komanso kupanga zinthu zosasamalira bwino nthawi zambiri ndi njira zothandiza kwambiri.
Ndikofunikanso kuganizira za moyo wa chipangizocho . Zipangizo zotsika mtengo zimatha kukhala zodula poyamba ngati zawonongeka mwachangu ndipo zimafuna kukonzedwa nthawi zonse. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, zipangizo zodula pang'ono zomwe zimakhala zolimba komanso zosafunikira kukonza kwambiri zimatha kuchepetsa ndalama pakapita nthawi.
Mapeto
Zipangizo zomangira nyumba ndi zisankho zofunika zomwe zimagwirizanitsa mbali za kapangidwe ka nyumba, chitonthozo, kukongola, mtengo, ndi kukhazikika. Konkire, njerwa, matabwa, chitsulo, galasi, ndi zomaliza zosiyanasiyana zili ndi ubwino ndi zofooka zomwe ziyenera kusinthidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi nyengo, malo, ngozi za masoka, ndi zosowa za okhalamo. Nyumba yabwino si nyumba yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zodula kwambiri, koma ndi nyumba yomwe imasankha zipangizo zoyenera, kuziyika molondola, ndipo imathandizidwa ndi kapangidwe ka zomangamanga komwe kamamvetsetsa zomwe zikuchitika. Ndi njira iyi, nyumba ikhoza kukhala malo okhalamo abwino, ogwira ntchito bwino, komanso okhala nthawi yayitali—ndipo imakhalabe yokongola pakapita nthawi.
