Me pēhea te whakatū i tētahi pūnaha tohatoha pūngao waiariki
He pūtake pūngao hou pumau te pūngao waiariki nā te mea kāore e whakawhirinaki ki te rangi pērā i te rā, i te hau rānei. Heoi, ko tōna angitu o te whakamahinga ehara i te mea ka whakatauhia e te kaha ki te whakaputa hiko, te wera rānei, engari me pēhea hoki te tohatoha haumaru, whai hua, me te pono o taua pūngao ki ngā kaiwhakamahi. Ka uru pea ki ngā pūnaha tohatoha waiariki te tohatoha hiko mai i ngā tipu waiariki ki te whatunga hiko, te tohatoha wera tika rānei mō ngā tono pērā i te whakamahana rohe, te whakamaroke ahuwhenua, ngā tukanga ahumahi, me te ahumoana. Ka matapakihia e tēnei tuhinga ngā mahi nui me ngā mātāpono hangarau mō te whakarite i tētahi pūnaha tohatoha pūngao waiariki hanganga.
1. Kia Mārama ki ngā Āhuatanga o ngā Pūtake me ngā Whakaritenga Utaina
Ko te taahiraa tuatahi ki te whakahaere i te tohatoha ko te mārama ki ngā kaupapa matua e rua: ngā āhuatanga o te pūtake waiariki me te kōtaha tono pūngao a te kaiwhakamahi. He tawhā matua ngā pūtake waiariki pēnei i te pāmahana o te puna waiariki, te pēhanga, te tere rere o te wai, te ihirangi kohuke, me te kaha ki te waikura me te tauine. Mā ēnei tawhā ka whakatau mēnā he pai ake te pūnaha mō te whakaputa hiko (hei tauira, mā te mamaoa tere, mā te huringa rua rānei) mā te whakamahi wera tika rānei.
I te taha kaiwhakamahi, ko ngā raraunga e hiahiatia ana ko te rahi o te kawenga (kW, MW rānei), ngā rerekētanga o te kawenga o ia rā/o ia wā, te pono e hiahiatia ana (hei tauira, te mahi ahumahi 24-hāora), me te kounga pūngao e hiahiatia ana (te hiko i tētahi paerewa ngaohiko motuhake, te wera rānei i tētahi pāmahana motuhake). Mā tēnei mahere ka āwhina ki te whakatau i te hoahoa whatunga tohatoha, te kaha o te paipa, te awa rānei, me ngā rautaki tārua.
2. Whakatauhia te Kaupapa Tohatoha: Hiko, Wera Tika, Ranu rānei
I te nuinga o te wā, e toru ngā kaupapa tohatoha:
1. Te tohatoha hiko: Ka hurihia te pūngao waiariki hei hiko i te tipu hiko, kātahi ka tohatohahia mā te pūnaha tuku me te tohatoha hiko. He pai tēnei mō te whānuitanga o te kapinga me te whakamahinga ngāwari.
2. Te tohatoha wera tika (te whakamahana rohe/te wera ahumahi): ka tohatohahia te wai wera, te wai wera rānei (hei tauira, te wai wera tuarua) mā roto i tētahi whatunga paipa ki ngā kaiwhakamahi. He tino whai hua tēnei kaupapa mō ngā wāhi e tata ana ki te pūtake.
3. Ranu (whakamahinga ā-taumaha): ka whakamahia te pūngao waiariki i ngā wāhanga. Hei tauira, ka whakamahia ngā pāmahana teitei hei whakaputa hiko, kātahi ka whakamahia te wera toenga hei whakamahana i ngā whare kati kōtuhi, te wera maroke, te whakamahi rānei mō ngā roto ika. Ka whakanui ake tēnei tauira i te whai huatanga o te pūngao whānui.
Me whai whakaaro te kōwhiringa o tētahi kaupapa ki te tawhiti mai i te pūtake ki te kawenga, te uara ōhanga o te pūngao, me te pūmanawa mō te whakamahi i te wera toenga.
3. Te Hoahoa i te Hanganga Tohatoha Tika
a. Whatunga paipa mō te wera tika
Mena ko te wera te tohatoha, ko te pou tuarā o te pūnaha ko te whatunga paipa. Ko ngā āhuatanga me whakahaere ko:
– Rauemi paipa: me ātete ki te pāmahana, te pēhanga, me te waikura. Ka taea te whakamahi i te maitai waro me te tiaki ā-roto/te arai, te maitai kore waikura rānei, i runga i te matū o te wai.
– Te whakamarumaru wera: he mea nui hei whakaiti i te ngaronga wera i te wā e haere ana. Ko te kōwhiringa o te whakamarumaru (hei tauira, te pahuka polyurethane, te huruhuru kohuke) ka whakawhirinaki ki te pāmahana whakahaere me ngā āhuatanga taiao.
– Te whānui me te pēhanga whakahaere: ka whakatauhia e te tere rere me te hekenga pēhanga whainga. Me tatau te waipēhi hei ārai i te mahi nui rawa o te papu.
– Pūnaha whakawhanui wera: ka whakawhanui ngā paipa ina wera. Nō reira, me whai koropiko whakawhanui, hononga whakawhanui rānei hei ārai i te taumahatanga nui.
– Ngā takirere me ngā taputapu haumaru: tae atu ki ngā takirere whakaora, ngā takirere tirotiro, me ngā pūnaha momotu mō te wehe i ngā wāhanga i te wā tiaki.
b. Whatunga hiko mō te putanga whakaputa hiko
Mō te tohatoha hiko, ko ngā mea nui ko:
– Ngā whakawhiti hiko whakaneke ake i roto i ngā tipu hiko hei whakanui ake i te ngaohiko kia iti ake ai te ngaronga hiko i te wā e tukuna ana.
– Ngā taputapu whakawhiti me te parenga (ngā whakawhiti hiko, ngā whati hiko) hei ārai i ngā raruraru whānui.
– Hononga whatunga: me tutuki ngā paerewa ratonga e pā ana ki te kounga hiko (auau, ngaohiko, harmonics).
– Pūnaha SCADA mō te aroturukitanga wā-tūturu me te mana mamao.
4. Whakatūria ngā Rautaki Whakahaere me te Aroturuki
Me āta whakahaere ngā pūnaha tohatoha waiariki nā te mea ka rerekē pea ngā āhuatanga o te wai i roto i te wā. Ko ngā tautuhinga whakahaere noa ko:
– Te whakahaere i te pāmahana me te tere rere: te whakamahi i ngā pūoko pāmahana, ngā mita rere, me ngā takirere whakahaere hei pupuri i te pūngao e whiwhi ana te kaiwhakamahi kia rite ki ō rātou hiahia.
– Te whakahaere pēhanga: he mea nui kia ārai i te kanapa (ngā huringa āhua ohorere) i roto i te paipa ka puta ai ngā wiri, te hama wai me te kino.
– Te aroturuki i te kounga wai: me aroturuki te nui o te silica, te chloride me te hau rewa nā te mea ka pā ki te tauine/waikura.
– Te kimi turuturu: ka taea te mahi mā te aroturuki pehanga, te taurite papatipu, ngā pūoko oro rānei i runga i ētahi whatunga.
E whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā pūnaha SCADA, arā, ngā pūnaha IoT ahumahi rānei, hei whakakotahi i ngā raraunga whakahaere, ngā whakaoho, ngā ia o te mahi, me ngā pūrongo tiaki.
5. Te Whakahaere i te Tauine me te Waikura i roto i ngā Whatunga Tohatoha
Ko ngā raruraru tawhito i roto i ngā pūnaha waiariki ko te tauine (te ua o ngā kohuke pēnei i te silica, te calcite rānei) me te waikura (nā ngā wai kaha). Ki te kore e whakahaerea, ka whaiti te diameter o te paipa whai hua, ka piki ake ngā ngaronga pēhanga, ā, ka heke te whai huatanga.
Ngā taahiraa tatūnga whānui:
– Te werohanga anō i te wai: mā te whakahoki i te wai ki te puna wai ka āwhina i te pumau me te whakaiti i te pānga ki te taiao.
– Te whakatikatika matū: te whakamahinga o ngā aukati tauine/waikura i ētahi wāhi (me ngā tātaitanga horopeta tika).
– Kōwhiringa rauemi: whiriwhiria ngā paipa, ngā gaskets, me ngā takirere e hototahi ana ki te wai.
– Te whakahaere i tētahi kaupapa horoi, whakahoro rānei i ia wā: mēnā ka taea e te hoahoa whatunga.
– Āraia te hekenga nui o te pēhanga/pāmahana: ka tere ake te maturuturunga o ngā kohuke nā ēnei huringa.
6. Whakawhanakehia he Kaupapa Pono me te Rahui
He mea nui te pono o te tohatoha, inā koa mēnā ka whakamahia te pūngao waiariki mō ngā tukanga ahumahi, mō te whakamahana rohe rānei. Ko ētahi o ngā huarahi ko:
– Te auau o te papu (N+1) kia haere tonu ai te pūnaha ina pakaru tētahi papu.
– Whakapūmautia te whatunga whakamahana ā-rohe kia taea ai te huri i te puna hiko mēnā ka pakaru tētahi wāhanga.
– Te rokiroki wera (te rokiroki wera) pērā i ngā tāke wai wera nui hei whakau i ngā kawenga pīka.
– He poihau tāpiri, he puna rānei (kāore e hiahiatia) mō ngā āhuatanga ohorere, mō te tiaki puna/whakaputa hiko rānei.
Me whai whakaaro ngā whakaritenga pono ki ngā utu haumitanga me ngā utu whakararuraru ratonga.
7. Te Whakahaere i ngā Āhuatanga Haumaru, Taiao, me te Raihana
Ko te tohatoha waiariki he wai pēhanga, he pāmahana teitei, ā, i ētahi wā he hau pēnei i te H₂S. Nō reira, ko ngā āhuatanga haumaru ko:
– Ngā tikanga whakahaere paerewa (SOP) mō te tīmatanga, te whakaweto, me ngā āhuatanga ohorere.
– Ngā pūnaha hauhautanga me te kimi hau i ētahi wāhi.
– Whakangungu K3 mō ngā kaiwhakahaere paipa me ngā tipu hiko.
– Te whakahaere para (ngā putunga tauine, te wai whakapūkara) e ai ki ngā ture.
Mai i te tirohanga taiao, ko te werohanga anō me te whakahaere tukunga he mea nui ki te pupuri i te pumau o te puna wai me te whakaiti i ngā pānga ki te taiao e karapoti ana. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā kaupapa waiariki e hiahiatia ana he whakaaetanga whakamahi whenua, he hanganga whatunga, me ngā whakaaetanga hononga mō ngā pūnaha hiko.
8. Waihangahia he Mahere Whakahaere me te Tiaki (O&M)
Me mārama te mahere Whakahaere me te Whakaora mō tētahi pūnaha tohatoha pai, hei tauira:
– Te tirotiro auau i ngā paipa me te whakamarumaru.
– Whakatikatika i ngā pūoko me ngā mita rere.
– Te aro turuki i ngā ia o te hekenga o te pēhanga hei kite i te tauine.
– Te rārangi tiaki mō te takirere, te papu, me te whakawhiti wera.
– Te whakahaere i ngā wāhanga e manawapa ana me te rapurongoā mō ngā raruraru nui.
He tino āwhina ngā raraunga whakahaere o mua mō te tiaki matapae, kia taea ai te ārai i ngā kino i mua i te huri hei whakararuraru nui.
9. Aromatawai Mahi me te Arotautanga Ōhanga
Hei whakamutunga, me ine ngā whakaritenga tohatoha mā roto i ngā tohu mahi pēnei i:
– Te whai huatanga o te tohatoha (te ngaronga wera/te ngaronga hiko).
– Te wātea o te whatunga me te wā e kore e mahi.
– Ngā utu whakahaere mō ia waeine pūngao i tukuna.
– Te pai o te kiritaki (te pumau o te tuku, te kounga o te ratonga).
Ka taea te whakahaere i te arotautanga mā te whakanui ake i te whakamarumaru, te whakarerekē i te rautaki whakahaere tere rere, te whakanui ake i te rokiroki wera, te whakatinana rānei i tētahi tauira whakamahinga taupatupatu kia tino whakamahia ai ia taumata pāmahana.
Te Katinga
He mahi maha ngā kaupapa e pā ana ki te whakahaere i tētahi pūnaha tohatoha pūngao waiariki: te hangarau puna wai, te hangarau mīhini (ngā paipa me ngā papu), te hangarau hiko (ngā whatunga me te tiaki), te whakahaere me te taputapu, me ngā āhuatanga taiao me te haumaru. Ko te kī ki te angitu kei roto i te mahere i ngā hiahia pūngao, te whiriwhiri i te kaupapa tohatoha tika, te hoahoa i ngā hanganga e ātete ana ki ngā āhuatanga waiariki, me te whakahaere mahi atamai me te tiaki tika. Mēnā he whakamahere tika, ehara i te mea he puna pūngao ma te pūngao waiariki anake, engari ka taea hoki te mahi hei pou tuara mō te tuku pūngao pono me te whai hua mō ngā hapori me ngā umanga.
